PEP 294: Reviews

Test #1

Introduction

- What is biomechanics?
- What is kinesiology?

- What is dynamics?
- What is statics? Difference between statics and dynamics?

- What is kinematics?
- What is kinetics? Compare kinematics with kinetics.

- What are the three main themes of biomechanics?

Kinematic Concepts

- What is the anatomical reference reference position? Its importance?
- The directional terms commonly used in describing position or direction in the body?
- Three anatomical planes and the axes perpendicular to them.

- Name the major joint motions occurring in each anatomical plane.
- Pay attention to the 'plane-joint motion' combinations.
- Go over Lab #2.

- What is linear motion (translation)?
- What is the difference between the rectilinear motion and the curvilinear motion?
- What is angular motion (rotation)?
- What is the difference between the angular motion and the curvilinear motion?
- What is general motion?
- Practice description of the forms of motion of certain typical body motions.

Kinetic Concepts

- What is mass? Its standard unit?
- Center of mass?
- What is force? Its standard unit? Why is force so important in biomechanics?
- Three important properties of force?
- What is pressure? Its equation. Its standard unit?

- Types of mechanical loads on the human body?
- Compare acute loading and repetitive loading. Likelihood of injury vs. load & frequency?
- What is mechanical stress? What is strain? Compare stress and strain.
- What is the stress-strain (load-deformation) curve? Regions and points on the stress-strain curve?

Bones

- Central skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton?
- Names of the main bones in our body? (Figure 4-3)
- Mechanical functions of the bones and the skeletal system?

- What are the three major material constituents of bone?
- Their properties: stiffness (compressive strength) & flexibility (tensile strength)?

- Classify bones based on the shape. What are the main functions?
- Work on the 'type-bone' combinations.
- Typical structure of a long bone (Figures 4-1 & 4-5)?

- What is the Wolff's Law?
- Bone modeling and remodeling?
- Relate bone hypertrophy & atrophy vs. mechanical stress (functional force)?
- What's actually happening during bone hypertrophy and atrophy?

Joints

- Classify joints based on the extent of mobility allowed.
- Which group is fibrous? Which group is cartilaginous? Which group is synovial?
- What types of joints are in each joint class? Their main characteristics?
- What is symphysis? Examples?
- Typical elements of a synovial joint (Figure 5-3).
- 6 joint types in the diarthrosis group (synovial joints) and examples (Figure 5-2)?
- Degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the synovial joints?
- Bursa, tendon sheath? Their mechanical functions?
- Main joints in our body, their types, specific names & bony structures involved (Figures 7-3, 7-20, 7-28, 8-1, 8-12, 8-22, 9-2 & 7-21)?

- Joint stability? Factors affecting joint stability?
- Compare the shoulder and the hip joint in terms of stability.
- Special structures which improve knee joint stability? Menisci, ligaments (ACL & PCL), illiotibial tract of fascia lata (IT band)?
- How can we improve joint stability?
- Joint flexibility? Why is joint flexibility important? Factors affecting flexibility?
- How can we improve joint flexibility?

Skeletal Muscle

- Mechanical functions of skeletal muscle?
- The four basic properties of musculotendinous unit?
- Three types of muscle contraction (activation)?
- Roles assumed by the skeletal muscle?
- Agonists & antagonists of typical body motions, especially in the eccentric contraction situation.

- Structure of a muscle fiber?
- Twitch vs. tetanus?
- Fiber types of the skeletal muscle? Their properties?
- Advantages of Type I fibers over Type II fibers, vice versa?
- Motor unit? Why is the motor unit the functional unit of muscle?
- Which factor determines the functional characteristics of a motor unit?
- The size principle?
- Fatigue vs. replacement of motor units?

- Three components of the muscle model? Where are these components from?
- What is the force (tension)-length relationship?
- Source of the active force-length curve?
- Why active force decreases when muscle is either longer or shorter than the resting length?
- Source of the passive force-length curve?
- Force-velocity relationship?
- What happens when muscle shortening velocity increases? What if muscle lengthening velocity increases?
- Force-time relationship?
- What is electromechanical delay (EMD)? Which component in the muscle model causes EMD?

- What is muscular strength?
- What is muscular power?
- Muscular endurance?
- Compare muscular strength, power and endurance.
- What are the factors affecting muscular strength, power and endurance?