3. Black Families: Separation, Survival, Sharecropping:
                    4. The Limits of Reconstruction: Segregation Underway
       C. Reconstruction Collapses: Reform Without Prosperity?: Panic of '73
                    1. No Long-term Northern Commitment to Black Equality: Its Consequences
                    2. The Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877
                                a. Freedom without real Economic Opportunity
                                b. The American Dream, Hypocrisy & S Backwardness
        D. Social & Political Aftermath: Racism & Disfranchisement
                    1. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: Separate But Equal Acquires Legal Foundation
                    2. Link to History of NAACP Efforts to Overturn Racial Segregation, 1896-1954
                    3. Response: Booker T. Washington's Cast Down Your Bucket vs. W.E.B. DuBois & NAACP in Opposition
                    4. Link to DuBois' 1903 book, Souls of Black Folk
II. Frontier West: Mining, Cattle, Farming, Transportation Frontiers: Link to PBS Website The West
        A. The Great American Desert & the Leap to the West Coast
        B. Transcontinental RR: Impact of Land Grants
        C. The Indian Frontier: Impact of buffalo extinction
                    1. Resistance and violence
                    2. Sparking Dawes Act Reform: Link to Helen Hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor
 
 

I. Industrialization: Most Vital Agent of US Social & Econ Change Ever?: Characteristics:  What is It?
        A. Technology: Inventions, Applied & Marketed (Bell/Ford/Swift/Armour/Duke/Pillsbury/Edison/ Westinghouse)
        B. Flush Toilet, Tin Can, Kellogg’s Cereal, refrigerated RR car, cigarette roller, Singer's sewing machine
        C. Mass Production concentrated:huge, intricately organized factories w/rigid schedules & repetitive routine—Ford (Link)
        D. Nationwide Transport/Communications = Expanded Markets; Local Urban Expansion
        E. Rising: Population , Immigration, Urbanization, % of Workforce in Manufacturing
II. Industrialization: Who Did It?: Entrepreneurs: Great Captains of Industry? Robber Barons? Link to Discussion of "Robber Barons"
        A. Size/Profits Enable $ for Investment: Democracy Endangered?
                    1. Corporations Limit Individual Loss, Ensure Due Process (14thAmendment)
                    2. Corporate Power: Social Inequality Rises/ $$ Accumulation    
       B.  Andrew Carnegie: Steel King/Rags to Riches Emblem: Harsh Methods, Public Benefactor (Gospel of Wealth)
       C. John D. Rockefeller Seeks Monopoly by Organizing Oil: Vertical & Horizontal Integration
       D. Growth Enables Jobs, BUT Do Workers' Gains Justify Working/Living Conditions? (Link to PBS Website on Carnegie)
       E.  Progress? Balance Costs/Benefits!?! Is US Ideal Rural or Urban? Quality of Life
III. Labor's Compensation & WORKING/LIVING Conditions:   Who Else Did It?
      A. Wages: Real increase: Adequate? See Statistics above
                    1. Overall Inflation 10%,1860-1914 (camouflages ups and downs): $=15x 1990, about 25-30x today
                    2. Minimum need to escape poverty, circa 1910: $466 SF; $505 SM, $800 for family/4
                    3. Women & children in Poverty: Did Women Work Outside the Home? Relevance?
                    4. Child Labor Restrictions? State Laws Evaded;  Bailey v Drexel, 1922   Link to Hine's Child Labor Photographs
IV. Social Costs of Industrialization:   Impact & Consequences:   The Importance of Thrift & Health
     A. Health & safety: death /disability: No workmen's compensation laws before 1911
     B. Link to Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911
     C. Supreme Court Responses: Holden v Hardy, 1896: limit hrs of dangerous work for miners
     D. Link to Lochner v NY, 1905: can't limit bakers to 60 hrs
     E. Muller v Oregon:  1908: reproductive function vital; sociological relevance applicable
     F. Impersonal and contractual workplace: Transition from custommade to mass-produced (Taylor)
     G. Standards of living/lifestyles improve: tradeoff…companies try to instill good work habits

V. Living Conditions: Can the American City Be Made Livable?: Link to Chicago Fire
        A. Concentrating Production and Markets; Horizontal Expansion/Urban Transportation
        B. Indictment of Living Conditions: Link to  Jacob Riis’ How The Other Half Lives
        C. Politics: Corrupt City Machines & the "Spoils System"
VI. Labor  Responds : Protest: Need for Collective Bargaining & Obstacles to It
       A. Union Types: Craft (American Federation of Labor) & Industrial (Knights/Labor)
                    1. Bosses Resist Unskilled, Ethnically Diverse, Replaceable Workers
                    2. Labor Violence: Public Backlash Against Revolutionaries
                    3. Brief  & Extended Discussion of the Haymarket Affair (1886) & Pullman Strike (1894)
                    4. Government Intervention & Popular Attitudes: Labor’s Limits
       B. Socialism: Not Viable Here: American Dream, Incentive, & Opposition to WW1

VII. Who Were They?: Labor Personnel: The "New Immigration"
       A. Who is an American? Evaluate Response to New Entrants
       B. Changing Composition: N & W Europe Before 1890, S & E Europe After 1890
                    1. Religion/Ethnicity/Language/Culture
                    2. Responses: Temperance, Prohibition, Schools
                    3. What Defines an American: Race? Creed? Dream? Adherence to Rule of Law/Constitution?
VIII. Industrialization & Foreign Relations Background:    Washington's FAREWELL
        A. Basic Goals & Principles: Security, Trade, Morality, Public Consent
        B. Independence & Hemispheric Priority & West Conquest
                    1. What is Isolationism: Contact W/o Commitment, Hemispheric Priority
                    2. Superior Morality: City Upon A Hill (Anti-Imperialism)
                    3. Reasons & Context for the Monroe Doctrine, 1823
                    4. Yet  Freedom of Commerce:  Open Door: Markets & RM Access (China)
                    5. Isolation, Trade, & Moral Detachment Possible Amid Change?
        C. In sum: LEAVE US ALONE, LEAVE THEM BE, LET US IN, AND REMEMBER WE'RE MORALLY AND MATERIALLY SUPERIOR.
IX. Industrialization & Foreign Relations: Evolving Imperialism
       A. From Manifest Destiny/Postwar Recovery to Pacific & Caribbean
       B. Toward Hemispheric Dominance: War, TR, & the Canal

                    1. Splendid Little War with Spain: Weyler's "reconcentrado"
                    2. Yellow Journalism: Hearst vs. Pulitzer: Public Anger
                    3. Why did We Fight: Remembering the Maine?
                    4. Imperialism Wise? Spoils of Victory: Manila! Havana? Link to anti-imperialist Cartoons
                    5. McKinley’s Reasons for Annexing the Philippines & Beveridge's March of the Flag
                    6.  Panama Canal: Bullying Brits/Colombians, Hay-Pauncefote/Hay-Herran
                    7.  Roosevelt Corollary: Improving Upon & Enforcing Monroe

I. What Do Politicians Want & What Do We Want From Them?
       A. Do They Seek Reform? Should They?
       B.  Can They Legislate Morality: What Kind? Whose?
       C. Did They respond to Industrialization’s Impact on Farmers?
II. Stability: Balance of Power Between Congress & Weak Presidency
       A. Power Bases of Competing Republican & Democratic Coalitions
                    1. Era of Political Deadlock/Stalemate, 1874-1892
                    2. REP: "party of moral purposes" (N, $, veterans, rural)
                    3. DEM: "party of personal liberties" (S, N Urban, RC)
        B. Vital Issues & Campaigns: Economic Vs Cultural Coalitions
                    1. Civil War: "Bloody Shirt" and Veterans Pensions
                    2. Prosperity (Sectional v National): Republicans Win on Tariffs
                    3. Good Govt: Civil Service Reform of "Spoils System": Pendleton Act
                    4. Who Gets Govt Jobs? Why? Connections? Merit?: Arthur's Response
                    5. Campaign '84: Blaine/Cleveland: "Party of Rum, Romanism & Rebellion
                    6. Campaign '88: Harrison/Cleveland: The "Murchison Letter"
                    7. Monetary Policy: Farmers And Westerners Complain
        C. Political Finance, Corruption, High Voter Turnout: BUSINESS Triumphs!

III. Realignment: Farmers Revolt vs. Cultural/Econ Exclusion: Can/Should Their Livelihood Be Protected?
        A. A Rural Response to Costs of Industrialization: Cultural Victims: Link to Description of Isolation
        B. Pre-Civil War: Foundation of Democracy, Now "Hick" Behind Industrial Times
        C. Political Realignment Triggered by ‘93 Depression & Collapse in Farm Prices
                    1. Wheat $/bushel from 1.20 in 1870 to .50 in '94; Cotton $/lb.  10.50 in 1882 to under $5, '94; Corn $/bushel .63 in 1881 to .28 in 1896
                    2. Anger at Railroads re Transport Costs
                    3. Farmer Anger at Tariff Rates: N Industry vs. S&W Agriculture
                    4. Monetary Policy: "The Crime of '73" & Conspiracy Theory
                                a. Why is Monetary Policy Significant?
                                b. Economic Growth & Currency Stagnation
                                c. Who Likes Inflation? Debtors
                                d. Bland-Allison ('78) & Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890
                                e. Cleveland's Response: Business Confidence Requires Sherman Act Repeal, 1893
                                f. Balanced Overall Assessment of Cleveland’s Presidency: Link
        D. Depression's Effect on Congress: Democrats Lose 113 Seats, 1894
        E. Voices of Rural Protest Organized: Farmers' Alliance Reinvents Self as Populist Party
        F. Platform points:
                    1. Sub-Treasury plan: gov't assistance (1933)
                    2. silver coinage (never)
                    3. tighter regulation of RR & end to tariffs (1903, 1913)
                    4. federal, graduated income tax (1913)
                    5. direct election of senators on secret ballot (1913)
       G. Populist Party: People's Democracy Absorbed by Democrats
       H. William Jennings Bryan: The "Cross of Gold" & 1896 Election: Cross of Gold Speech & White's Opposition
        I.  Silver & An Allegory of a Wizard; Limits of Agrarian Dissent
        J. Link to Recent Analysis of Farm Subsidies
 

IV. Progressivism: An Urban Response to Industrialization
       A. Goals: Corporate Regulation, Social Justice, Democracy, Efficiency
       B. Beyond Individualism: Attack Abuses of Power & Get Good Government
       C. Scientific Efficiency: Manage Business/Government Co-operation
       D. Why Seek Change? How Know Which Way to Go?
                    1. Confidence In Elite Selves: Lead & Educate Inferiors
                    2. Hope/Belief in People's Goodness & Fear of Revolt
                    3. Belief in People, Need Government to Act For Them
       E. Complex Intellectual Context: Social Darwinism
                    1. Scientific Spirit vs. Determinism vs. Optimistic Outrage
                    2. Herbert Spencer: "survival of the fittest"
                                a. Justification for Big Business & Foreign Activity
                                b. But, Reform Darwinism: the Growing Determination to Act
                    3. Activist Response: Protestant Social Gospel
                    4. Optimistic Aid for Evolution: Priority for Body Over Soul
        F. Ideas & Law: Pragmatism: William James: ends justify means
                    1. Law/Truth: Immutable or Evolving Tool for Social Change?
                    2. Be Righteous or Pragmatic? Seek Good or Freedom? How Define & Apply Truth to Laws & Society?
                    3. Can Govt or Individuals Affect Human Nature/Behavior?
       G. Agents: Muckrakers Sinclair, Steffens & Tarbell (Link to Her Lengthy Condemnation of Standard Oil)
V. Progressive Political Order Moves Toward? Democracy
       A. Democracy vs Efficiency & Professionalism
       B. Secret Ballots, Primaries, Initiative, Referendum, Recall
       C. Choosing Candidates, Petitions & Express Opinion
       D. Women in Politics: Temperance, Prohibition, & Suffrage
       E. Changing Rules: Southern Suffrage Restricted
                    1. Populists: Racist Effect of 1890s Political Realignment
                    2. Blacks Disfranchised By Residency, Tax, Literacy, Grandfather Clause
       F. Urban Hope: Immigrants Want Safer Factories/Housing
       G. Urban Conflict: Prohibition/Civil Service Reform vs. Immigrants
VI. Party Politics in the Progressive Era
       A. Republican Accomplishments (Ducking Tariffs & All-out Trustbusting)
                    1. TR: Elkins & Hepburn Acts (RR), FDA, Conservation
                    2. Essay on Roosevelt the Environmentalist: Link
       B. Campaign & Election, 1912: New Freedom vs. New Nationalism
       C. Wilson & Democrats: Tariff Reform: The Underwood Tariff
                    1. The Federal Reserve System & Corporate Regulation
                   2. Labor and Farm Assistance
VII. Progressives' Ideological Legacy: New View of Govt & People
       A. Active Government: The Path to the New Deal & Great Society
       B. Paternalism vs Optimism: Contradictions of Change
       C. Also Evident in Foreign Relations: See Roosevelt Corollary
       D. Coercion & Freedom: Toward Prohibition: A Mixed Legacy
       E. Margaret Sanger & Origins of Planned Parenthood: See Eugenics Photo Below & Links to Pro & Con 1  & Con 2 Views
       F. Link to Scholarly Examination of Eugenics Movement

US Propaganda: Depiction of Women               US Propaganda: Depiction of Germans

III. Peace Conference: Evaluating Versailles Treaty: Link to Text
     A. Unwise Partisan Oct. 1918 appeal: Ineffective: Rep. Senate
     B. US Delegation: Wilson Will Go: Unprecedented! Indispensable?
     C. Ineffective Compromise of Self-Determination: Germans & US Public Unhappy
             1. Neither a Victor's Peace Nor a Peace of Accommodation
             2. Did Germany Lose? A Stab in the Back: Betrayal
     D. Status Quo Possible w/o Americans?: League Integral
IV.  Reasons for Opposition to & Defeat of Versailles Treaty
     A. Senate Defends Its Prerogatives
            1. Advice & Consent on Treaties (2/3) & Congress' Privilege to Declare War
            2. Article X: collective security versus U.S. Sovereignty?
            3. mutual guarantee of political independence and territorial integrity to all
     B. Lodge-Wilson Feud: The Role of Personal Enmity
     C. WW Tours Country: Stroke & Near-Death: Won't Compromise
     D. The Senate Splits: Reservationists & Irreconcilables (The Role of  "Isolationist" Tradition)
     E. Wilson's Illness, Refusal to Compromise, & His Legacies: Link to Assessments & More Positive View
 
 

THE ROARING TWENTIES: INTELLECTUAL, CULTURAL & POLITICAL CONFLICT

I. HOW DO WORLD WARS AFFECT US At Time & Afterward?
    A. Personal & Political: Casualties, Dehumanization & Isolationism
    B. The Price of Freedom
    C. Economic: From Boom to Bust & Depression & New Deal to War & Recovery
    D. Social Change: Women & Minorities, Nativism
    E. Intellectual: Liberal Optimism about Progress Gives Way to Relativism
            1. Why Are We Here & Where Are We Going?
            2. Premodernism, Modernism, & Postmodernism
                    a. Powerful Ideas Suggest that Rational Humans Not Master of Destiny
                    b. Religious Faith vs Rational Science vs Irrational Humanity?
                    c. Darwin, Marx & Freud: Origins, Economics & Sex
                    d. Einstein's Theory of Relativity & Heisenberg's Principle of Uncertainty
                    e. Link to T.S. Eliot’s  poem The Hollow Men & Yeats' Second Coming
            3. Relativism: Who Decides Authority & Truth?
II. America on the Defensive: Responses to New Ideas
    A. Transition to Peace Amid Haphazard Economic Demobilization

    B. The Pursuit of Pleasure and the Fascination with Celebrity & Technology: Sports Heroes, Action Heroes: Ruth, Lindbergh, Garvey
    C. Fear & The Red Scare: Strikes, Bombings, Riots, and the Bolsheviks
                 1. Atty. General A. Mitchell Palmer's Response &  Impact of Crusades and Scares: Disillusionment & Fear
    D. Nativism: Hatred of Radicals & Immigrants
                1. Sacco & Vanzetti Case
                2. The Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 (& 1924) & No Reapportionment of Congressional Districts
                3. "100% Americanism": The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana: Why?
    E. Fundamentalism's Five Points vs. Faith in Science: (Link for) The Scopes Trial: Publicity for Evolution (Bryan v. Darrow)
    F. Sports, Sex, Flappers, the 1920s... & The Typical Town?: Robert & Helen Lynd's Examination
    G.  Prohibition: A Noble, Ineffective Experiment?  Link to Anti-Saloon League Activists
                1. Enforcement, Bootlegging, Organized Crime; Technology, Mobility & Firepower
                2. What Should Be the Government's Role in Encouraging "Responsible" Behavior?: Today's Question of Cigarettes
III. Politics: Normalcy: The Harding-Coolidge Years (1921-29): Good & Bad Appointments: Reliance on Subordinates
        A. Teapot Dome Scandal & Harding's Death
                1. Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall Tries to Recoup Mexican Loss
                2. Drilling for Navy Oil without Competitive Bidding: Kickbacks
        B. Coolidge Profits from 1924 Democratic National Convention--Coolidge on Republican Principles (Audio)
                1. Deep Democratic Divisions: KKK & Prohibition
                2. Protecting Local Folkways: Saloon & Segregation
                3. Will Rogers: "I belong to no organized political party. I am a Democrat."
                4. Business Boom Bolsters Republican Ascendancy: Conservative Tribute to Coolidge &  Coolidge’s Personality (Link)
 

I. Military & Economic Mobilization: Conversion for Total War
                  A. The Arsenal of Democracy: Convert Factories, Fill Surplus Capacity (JOBS!): Synthetic Rubber, Shipbuilding
                  B. Financing the War: Taxation & War Bonds: Increased, Deficit Spending: "Proving" Keynes Right
                                 1. Tax Burden Spread to Lower Income Brackets, But Income Redistribution: Impact on Wealth Extremes
                                2. Pay As You Go Tax Withholding
II. Migration & Social Change: Don't You Know There's A War On?
               A. Women's Roles in the Workplace & Military:  The Janes Who Make the Planes & Rosie the Riveter
                                1. Still only 1/3 Adult Married Women Work Outside Home
               B. Blacks: A. Philip Randolph vs Job Discrimination: EO 8802
                                1. Segregation & the "Double V": Opposing Hitler & Hitlerism
                                2. Link to the Political Dr. Seuss and Cartoon Images
               C. Navajo Code-Talkers Contribute in Pacific Theater
               D. Japanese-Americans' Plight: Executive Order 9066: Link to Text & Overview with Documents & Constitutional/Legal Context & Images
                                 1.  Link to Text of Supreme Court Ruling that Upheld Relocation (Korematsu v US, 1944): See Murphy's Dissent
                                 2.  The Exception to An Improved Record on Civil Liberties
                                 3.  Nisei Relocation & Wartime Heroics of 442nd RCT

           E. Mobilizing Attitudes: Rationing Resources & Restraining Freedom for Everyone

III. An American War: The Pacific War
               A. Leapfrogging Rabaul & Truk Reduces Casualties;  Two-Pronged Attack Due to Interservice Rivalry
               B. Conduct of the War & Its Impact: War Dehumanizes People
                            1. Cultural Differences, POW Death March, Race, Kamikazes
                            2. Island Battles for Air Bases: Iwo Jima & Okinawa
                            3. Unrestricted Sub War: Interdiction: Starving Japan & Incinerating It with Incendiary Bombing
                           4. The Potsdam Declaration: Surrender or Else!
               C. Ending War: Manhattan Project: Should We have Dropped It? Scholar Argues Yes; A Recent Editorial; & Link to Opposing view
IV. How Did Depression & War Change America & Americans?

  Propaganda for Food Production

                War Bonds Motivation                                     Fear of Espionage

 

 
 

THE ORIGINS & EARLY COURSE OF THE COLD WAR: CONTAINMENT TO VIETNAM

I. Cold War: Dominant Characteristics of Soviet-American Conflict: Links to Popular Site & Scholarly Site
    A. Why Did They Conflict? Is Soviet Threat Real?
             1. Antagonistic IDEOLOGIES: World Revolution vs Democracy
             2. Cyclical SuperPOWER Conflict: Confrontation & Deténte
    B. USA Desire: Prevent Hostile World: Ideology, Econ, Strategic
             1. Where Preserve Freedom, How Do So? Why Korea? Vietnam?
             2. Filling Power Vacuums: Central Europe & East Asia
             3. Limits on Where: How Far Do We Go? Everywhere? Particularism vs Universalism
                    a. Criteria: Military-Industrial Power: Save Some?
                    b. Criteria: Moral/Psych/Credibility: Save All?
   C. Who Started the Cold War? Who Won It?
II. Origins of the Cold War: Issues: E. Europe, Atoms, & GERMANY
    A. Early Problems: FDR's Legacy and Truman's Inexperience
              1. Could USSR have Friendly, Free Eastern European Neighbors?
                    a. USA Voters: Chicago; Democratic Power Bases in Cities
                    b. POLISH Memories: Katyn Forest & Warsaw Massacres
              2. Atomic Energy: The Baruch Plan & Verification
              3. Threats to Greece & Turkey... & .....
    B. Diagnosis & Remedy: Kennan's "Long Telegram": Containment: Link to Text of Long Telegram & "Sources of Soviet Conduct"-see end of Part II
             1. Russian Nationalism And Communist World Takeover?
             2. New Course: Scaring American People: Truman Doctrine
             3. Link to Doctrine Text: "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures"
             4. Public Assumptions About USSR Coalesce: "Red Fascism": Global Revolution, Hostile Totalitarian Atheist Monolithic Communism
    C. Chaos Causes Communism: Economic Stability for Europe?
              1. Marshall Plan, June 1947: Economic Response
              2. "directed not against country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, & chaos"
              3. Requirements: Common Plan, Open Books, Buy US Goods
              4. Passage, 1948: Coup in Prague Affects Congress
    D. Reunite/Rebuild A Divided Germany? Trizonia: Econ Unity
               1. British, French, US Zones Reunited with Broken Promise
               2. Berlin Blockade Leads to Berlin Airlift Leads to NATO
               3. NATO: Entangling Alliance: USSR Out, Germans Down, USA In: Link to Treaty Text (1949)
    E. Containment's Pitfalls:  Success in Europe: Viable in Asia? (Universalism)
                    1. Reliance On Wobbly & Manipulative Allies/Clients, on Military & Nukes

                    2. Impatience & Limited Wars: Real Victory Possible?
                    3. Civil Liberties & Negotiations With Evil Overlooked
                    4. $ Cost of Always Being Ready: No Nuclear Pearl Harbor
III. The End of Bipartisanship & the "Year of Shocks": 1949
     A. The 1948 Election: Be Careful What You Ask For...
     B.  Soviet Bomb & Alger Hiss & "Loss" of China: Cold War in Asia
                    1. How Could US Possibly Fail? US Aid to Chiang Fails & Asia Firsters Cry Treason!
                    2. Alger Hiss:  Guilty? Link to FBI's Secret Dossier on Communist Espionage, Reasons not to Disclose Sources  
                    3. Setting for McCarthyism: The Second Red Scare: Link to McCarthy’s Attack on Acheson: "I Have in My Hand"
IV. "Korean Conflict": Domestic Context, Sponsorship & US Response
    A. Civil War (Syngman Rhee vs Kim Il-Sung) OR Perceived Soviet Master Plan: Changes in Scholarly Interpretation
    B. The "Munich Analogy" Revisited: USA Intervention
               1. HST Commits US Forces to UN Mission: No Declared War
               2. From Pusan Beyond Inchon: Crossing 38th Parallel: MacArthur Tries to Reunify Korea: ROLLBACK Red Tide!
               3. MacArthur's Response to Chinese Entry
                         a. Opposes "Limited War" Publicly:  Insubordination & Constitutional Principle
                         b. Relief & Reaction: Wrong War, Time, Place, Enemy
    C. Consequences: Containment Globalized & Militarized,  American-Chinese Relations Embittered (NSC-68)
               1. Response to Communist/Nat'list Uprisings Established
               2. Bloody "Proof" of "Monolithic Communist Conspiracy"
               3. Unconstitutional Warmaking & Permanent Readiness
V. Ike's Foreign Policy: Dulles' Massive Retaliation & Liberation?
    A. ARE THERE ANY REAL ALTERNATIVES TO PATIENT CONTAINMENT? NO!
    B. No More "Negative, Futile, Immoral" Containment!?
              1. Budget Cutting: Keep Financial Costs Down? Moral?
               2. Massive Retaliation: Go to the Brink? Nukes Credible?
               3. Then How Contain Communism? CIA Covert Interventions
               4. A. Dulles: "Hitherto Acceptable Norms": Iran/Guatemala

                        a. Contemporary NYT Coverage & Recent Revised NYT Assessment of US Role In Coup & to Leaked CIA After-Action Report

                        b. How Far May Good Justifiably Go to Overcome Evil?
                        c.  Consequences for US Credibility: Resembling the Enemy
              5. Empty Rhetoric vs. Reality: "Rollback" & Hungary '56

VI. Kennedy Foreign Policy: A Mixed Record of Arrogance & Prudence
    A. Universalism Rampant: JFK’s Inaugural Address (Link to Text)
    B. The Vienna Summit & the Berlin Wall
    C. The Cuban Missile Crisis,, '62: Rushing Toward Armageddon: Link to Speech
                  1. Responsibility for Inherited Bay of Pigs '61 (CIA)
                  2. US Options: Airstrike, Do Nothing, Negotiate Quietly?
                  3. Public Ultimatum & "Quarantine"
VII. Vietnam: The Logical Culmination of Containment Unrestrained
    A. Context: Decolonization, NATIONALISM & the Cold War
                 1. Decolonization: Aid Status Quo Allies or Nationalism? The Price for French Help in NATO 1950-54
                 2. French Collapse: Dienbienphu & Ike's Restraint
                 3. Opposition (Ho Chi Minh) Communist & NATIONALIST
                 4. Breaking Geneva Accords: SEATO & No Elections 1956
                 5. Sink or Swim with Ngo Dinh Diem: 1956-63: Any Way OUT?
                 6. The Kennedy/Diem Years: Repression w/o Reform
    B. Why did US Commit, Maintain, Expand & Fail? Quagmire!
                 1. The "Munich Analogy": Aggression Does not, Cannot Pay
                 2. Civil War or Aggression? Viable South Vietnam?
                 3. Domino Theory: If One Falls, All Fall: All the Same?
    C. What's Our Goal in Vietnam?? Not Economic Exploitation
                  1. Keep NVA/VC From Winning to Maintain Credibility!
                  2. Couldn't Provoke PRC or USSR Intervention: Limited War
   D. LBJ's Problem: Can't Withdraw; How Win? Send 500,000!?
                  1. Military Escalation after Decade of Policy Failure!
                  2. Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Radar Glitches & Deceit
                  3. Whose Will will crack?: Impact on Ordinary Soldiers & The Destruction of Postwar Consensus 
 
 

I. Postwar Boom: From Hardship to Prosperity: How?
    A. Reconversion/Demobilization: Fearing Depression
                   1. HST: Extend New Deal: Full Employment? Health Insurance?
                   2. Contrary Problem: Control Inflation & Interest Groups?
                   3. Strikes: UAW, USW, UMW, RR: Price-Wage Spiral Precedents
                   4. Gov't Control: Authority to Draft Strikers?
                   5. Partisan Bickering (1946): Had Enough?
    B. Rep. Sweep: Taft-Hartley Act's Clauses & Consequences
                   1. Forbids Closed Shops, Enables Limits to Union Shops
                   2. Effort to Limit Union Gains Enabled by Wagner Act
    C. Growth: '48-'68 REAL GNP Up 4%; Family Income Up 30%, '47-'56
    D. Avoid Depression, Jump-Start Boom: Reasons for Prosperity
                   1.The GI Bill of Rights  &-Pent-up Consumer demand
                                 a. Reward for Service: Investment in Future
                                 b. Mortgage & Educational Assistance for Vets: Success!
                                 c. Confidence: Homeowning/Fertility Rate Rise
                                 d. Home Ownership Rises: 44% 1940; 62% 1960
                                 e. Postponed Kids Arrive: Baby-Boomers' consumption
                                 f. Population Jumps 30%, 1945-1960
                                 g. Who Will Employ Baby-Boomers Later?
                    2. New Deal Safety Net: Downturns & Unemployment Pay
                    3. Military $ Up From $13 bn FY '50 To $44bn FY '52
                    4. Int'l Trade Dominance & Technological Innovation
     E. Income Redistributed?:No, But "Rising Tide Lifts All Boats"

II. 1948 Election: Underdog Truman's New Deal Coalition Fragments
    A. Will it Collapse?: "Dixiecrats": Strom Thurmond  & "Pink" Progressives: Henry Wallace
    B. Why He Wins: Truman Attacks: "Give 'em hell, Harry"
                    1. "Do-Nothing"(?) 80th Congress & Boring Tom Dewey
                    2. Motivation: Politics of Civil Rights: Isaac Woodard
                    3. Recognition of Israel: Jewish-American Votes
                    4. Fear of Renewed Recession: Trust Democrats
    C. Pyrrhic Victory at Home & Abroad: Stalling the Fair Deal
    D. The Evolving Southern Democrat/Republican Partial Coalition in Congress

III. President Eisenhower: The 1952 Election & After:  Republicans Confirm Internationalism
    A. Also Extends, Legitimates New Deal: Millions More Eligible for Social Security
    B. Cut & Balanced Budget, Failed to Lead on Civil Rights
    C. Public Works: Interstate Highways
IV. 1960 Election & The JFK Record: Proposals and Little Action
    A. JFK, Nixon, Catholics, Debates & Dead Voters?
    B. Legacy of Camelot & the JFK Assassination, 1963: How Sift Through Evidence? Why Do We Care?
                     1. Link to Site on Conspiracy Theories
V. How Had Depression, War & Cold War Changed America & Americans?
    A. What Consensus Did Vietnam Upset?
    B. Cold War Mindset: Victory Culture
    C. Economic Prosperity & Cultural Race & Gender Norms

VI. Materialism vs Idealism: A Consumer Culture
    A. Dispersing Affluence: National Pride: Advertising & TV
    B. Marketing: Morality of Hedonism & Rapid Obsolescence?
    C. Suburbs: From Farms & Cities to Conformity: "Levittowns"
    D. Woman's Place/Role?: A Cult of "Feminine Domesticity"
    E. Stevenson: Women Should Influence Man & Boy in the Humble Role of Housewife
    F. Feminism: Betty Friedan & NOW: Roles, Gains & Losses  Link to Recent News Article Describing Study of Divorce
    G. Seeking Meaning & Roots Amid Change: Religious Revival:  Can Faith Be Marketed?
    H. Meaning & Materialism: Riesman's The Lonely Crowd
                   1. Critic of Conformity, Corporate Life, Consumer Culture
                   2. Inner-Directed/Other-Directed
                   3. Docile Corporate Character in Popularity Market
                   4. Yet: Feasible Alternatives to Materialism?

VII. Examining the Critiques of the Prosperous, Conforming Fifties: Link to Analysis of How 50s Produced 60s
    A. The Great Society: Eliminate Poverty: Method? Materialism?
    B. Civil Rights Movement: Political & Social Equality, Econ?
    C. Youth Revolt: Political & Cultural Rejection
    D. Vietnam: Questioning Containment & the Cold War
    E. The Critiques' Contradictions & Accomplishments
    F. Were the Fifties So Bad or So Good After All?

VIII. Lyndon Johnson's Great Society: Link to "The War on Poverty" Speech
   A. Domestic Priority: Exploit Nat'l Grief: Enact Blocked Programs
               1. Poverty Programs: Job Corps, Head Start, VISTA
               2. Paying For It: Tax Reduction to Generate Revenue
               3. Electoral Distraction: A Choice, Not an Echo
   B. The Johnson Landslide & The Great Society's Triumph
               1. Medicare, Medicaid, Education Aid, Housing (HUD), Appalachia, NEA, NEH, Environment
                    2. Administrative Problems Amid Liberalism's Triumph: DID IT WORK? Was It Tried? Justice? Incentive?
                             a. Voting Constituency? Suburban Backlash?
                             b. A Legacy for '90s Democrats & Republicans
                             c. Civil Rights: Lagging Behind Grass-Roots Protest
                             d. Civil Rights Act (1964) & Voting Rights Act (1965)

CRACKS ARE SHOWING: CIVIL RIGHTS, SIXTIES TUMULT & WATERGATE

RECOVERING FROM VIETNAM & WATERGATE: ALTERNATE PRESCRIPTIONS

END