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Ball State University Department of Industry & Technology

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http://deepseafish.org/expo/mineral/calcite.jpg	http://www.mindat.org/picshow.php?id=511

      Different names of calcite:

Androdamas
Calcspar
Kalchstein
Kalkspath
Lublinite
Vaterite-A
	(Ralph 2002)

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History and Significance:
    Calcite was first discovered in the basalt caves around from the place for which it was named,  Eskifjord, Iceland.  Calcite comes from the carbonate class of mineral, as well as the calcite group.  It is one of the most common minerals that can be found today.  It is chemically composed of calcium and carbon to form CaCO₃, otherwise known as calcium carbonate.  The word calcite comes from the Greek word for lime “calix” (Friends 1996).  It has been in use for many years, in fact calcite lamps were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun (McLaughiln 1999).

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Uses of calcite include:

Animal feed

Antacid - from calcium carbonate

Building construction - bricks, mortar, plasters

Chemical Industry

Dough strengthener

Facing stone for building interiors/exteriors

Filter in baking powder

Glass Industry

Manufacturing of Paper and the Paper Industry

Optical purposes

Photography

Statue

Waste treatment

Acid rain - neutralization of acid lake waters

Agriculture - soil stabilization and pH control

Air quality - neutralizes sulphur dioxide gases from industrial processes such a       smelting metal ores and coal fired generating stations

Aluminum

Aggregate for concrete and road building

Artificial Waterfalls

Asphalt

Candles

Cement

Ceramics

Concrete

Cosmetics

Cotton - bleach Dyes - manifacture and purification Floor tiles Foundations Fungicides Glass Glue Gelatine Hazardous waste disposal - PCB sludge solidification and neutralization Landscaping Neutralizing acid mine drainage Oil - purification of oils and gasoline Ore extraction Paint Paper production Pesticides Pharmacuticals - asprin, penicillin etc. Plastics Poultry grit - shell-forming material Road Beds Rubber Soap Soda Pop - makes the bubbles in pop Solid waste disposal: stabilizes sludge from sewage and desulphurizing plants. Smelting Iron Ore Steel making  Sugar, purification of sugar beets.

Tanning of leather

Tomb Stones

Toothpaste

Waste water treatment - removes phosphorous and nitrogen, odor control, kills       bacteria and aids in clarification

Water Treatment - drinking water clarification.

Countertops and sinks

Terrazzo - marble chips mixed with concrete to form floors.

(Snyder, Russell, 2002)

Gross Description:
 

Calcite is usually a colorless, white or gray mineral but can have shades of any color.

It has a vitreous (glassy) luster with small conchoidal fractures when broken; making       it look like chipped glass and is fluorescent.

It has a crystalline structure, and looks like a large mass due to the intersection of the       crystals.

On the Moh Harness scale, calcite rates a 3 with a white streak during a streak test       (Barthelmy 2002).

It has perfect cleavage (or breaking planes) on 3 sides not at 90º.

Specific gravity of 2.71 (Magruder 2002).

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Microscopic Description:
    There are several features in calcite.  The structure is crystalline, stalactitic, massive, etc., and is trigonal in shape. It can be found pretty much all around the world.  For a list of places where this mineral is found click here. Click the picture for a bigger image.

  http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/docs/v8n1_chalk.asp

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Molecular Description:
    Calcite is composed of carbon, oxygen, and calcium atoms.  It's chemical symbol is CaCO3.  It's structure shows that the break planes are on three sides.  The crystalline features are a little different however.  Click the images for larger pictures.

Molecular Structure		Crystalline Structure
http://www.accelrys.com/cases/images/calcite.gif		http://www.indiana.edu/~xl10rd/CalciteDrawings.htm

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Varieties:

Aphrite (of Karsten):	A very soft variety of Calcite.
Argentine:	A variety of calcite with a silvery lustre.
Bruyerite:	A black concretionary calcite.
Cobaltian Calcite:	A variety of Calcite containing Cobalt.
Ferroan Calcite:	A blue colored variety of calcite.
Hematoconite:	A blood-red calcite coloured by inclusions of Hematite.
Iceland Spar:	An optically clear form of calcite.
Kupferziegelerz:	An impure calcite mentioned by C.Hintze (1908) in Handb. Min.
Manganoan Calcite:	A Calcite rich in manganese.
Onyx-marble:	A variety of banded calcite (of stalagmitic origin) showing a banded  structure similar to Onyx. Sometimes cut and used as a decorative stone.
Prasochrome:	A variety of Calcite rich in chromium oxide, found as an alteration product coating Chromite.
Prunnerite:	A violet calcite resembling chalcedony
Satin Spar:	A fibrous variety of Calcite (and later applied to Gypsum and Aragonite also).
Strontiano-calcite:	A strontian calcite with Ca and Sr about equal proportions.
	(Ralph 2002)

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Physical Properties:

Class:	Carbonates
Chemical Formula:	CaCO3
Crystal Structure:	Trigonal
Hardness:	3 on a rhombohedron or cleavage face. 2 - 2½ on the base of a crystal.
Luster:	Vitreous
Color:	Occurs in all colors, sometimes even multicolored
Density:	2.71
Specific Gravity:	2.71
Clarity:	Transparent to translucent to opaque
Habits:	Crystalline:Coarse - Occurs as well-formed coarse sized crystals. Stalactitic:Shaped like pendant columns as stalactites or                    stalagmites (e.g. calcite). Massive: Uniformly indis tinguishable crystals forming large mass.
Luminescence:	Fluorescent
Streak:	White
Cleavage:	1,3 - rhombohedral
Fracture:	Conchoidal. Hardly observed because of the perfect cleavage.
Tenacity:	Brittle
	(Friedman 1997)
Melting Point:	1517°F
Odor:	Odorless
	(Environmental Health & Safety 2002)

http://users.rcn.com/kenx/lwcalcl.gif Some calcite samples glowing under a UV lamp.

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Chemical Properties:
 

Calcite fluoresces under UV light with different colors depending on the chemical      make-up and some samples will even continue to glow after the light source      has been taken away (Amethyst Galleries 1999).

It reacts to any sort of acid, making it effervesce.  The best results for this come      from vinegar and diluted hydrochloric acid (Amethyst Galleries 1999).

It is no danger when around a flame, and is even used in fireworks to neutralize       burns and absorb acids (Trimmell 2000).

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Mechanical Properties (Based on Indiana Limestone):
 

Compression Strength:	4000 psi minimum
Modulus of Rupture:	700 psi minimum
Modulus of Elasticity:	3,300,000 psi min. to 5,400,000 psi max.
Coefficient of thermal expansion:	.0000024 in/in/°F to .0000030 in/in/°F
Ultimate Shear Strength:	900 psi min. to 1,800 psi max.
Ultimate Tensile Strength:	300 psi min. to 715 psi max.
Thermal Conductivity (k):	6.5 B.T.U./hr./ft. sqd./°F/in.
Weight:	144 lbs./cubic foot
Fire Endurance- 4" thick stone:	1 hr. 12 min. plus hose stream
Light Reflection:	50-55%
	(Lang Stone Company 1998)

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Electrical Properties:
 

Resistivity:	1 x 10^12 - 1 x 10^13 Ohms-meter
	(Boyd 1999)

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Production:
 

Areas on the edge of a sea during the Mississippian era had waves crashing up against their coasts.  Sediment and calcium carbonate shells accumulated at the bottom of the sea, and over time, were compressed to form limestone, in which calcite is a major ingredient .

(Fox 2001)

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Procurement:
 

Limestone and dolostone are quarried from open pits and underground mines. Drilling and blasting releases the stone from the outcrop and provides first-order breakage. The rubble is then hauled to a crushing facility where the stone is further crushed, screen-sorted into size classes, and stored. Limestone needed for high-purity applications (quicklime and food supplements) is usually hand-sorted at the mine. In the manufacture of quicklime, limestone is crushed to lump size (usually 5-8 inches) and heated in a kiln to temperatures of around 2,000o F. The process is called calcination and works by driving off carbon dioxide from the calcite, forming calcium oxide (quicklime). Limestone used as a source of nutritional calcium is simply ground into a powder, mixed with other supplements and binders, and reformed into pills or capsules. Stone that is to be used for its ornamental qualities is extracted from the bedrock by saws and wedges. Afterwards, the rock is either cut or carved to its final shape. Polishing may be used to finish the product.

(Arkansas Geological Commission 2002)

http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/limestone-mining.html

The largest limestone quarry in the world is in the  Rogers City and Dundee limestone near Rogers City,  Michigan

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Resource Allocation:
 

Afghanistan	Algeria
Australia	Austria
Azerbaijan	Belgium
Bolivia	Brazil
Bulgaria	Buryatia
Canada	China
Congo (Zaire)	Czech Republic
Denmark	England
Finland	France
Germany	Greece
Greenland	Hungary
Iceland	India
Ireland	Isle of Man
Italy	Japan
Kazakhstan	Kyrgyzstan
Macedonia	Malawi
Mexico	Morocco
Namibia	Netherlands
New York	New Zealand
Northern Ireland	Norway
Pakistan	Peru
Poland	Portugal
Romania	Russia
Scotland	Serbia
Slovakia	Slovenia
South Africa	South Korea
Spain	Sweden
Switzerland	Tajikistan
USA	Wales
	(Ralph 2001)

There is a lot of calcite left in various forms all around the world.  Calcite is a very common mineral in the Earth's crust (Axelsson 1998).  Scientists estimate that small marine plants deposit more than 1.5 million tons of calcite a year on the ocean floor from their limestone linings (Kaufman 2002).  The demand is above average due to the mineral's wide amount of uses.  The reserve for this mineral are so high there should not be any sort of shortages for years to come.

http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/limestone-mining.html

Click on the map to see where the limestone deposits are in Michigan.

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Transformation:
 

Calcite can be sold in may different varieties.  When in a limestone form, it can be processed through conveying, crushing, screening and tacking (Roberts & Schaefer Company 2002).  This mineral can also be dry or wet fine milled or ground, air classified, dried, calcined, mixed and bagged (EPA 1995).  Sometimes calcite is turned into a powder for pills and it is also polished for decorative ornaments (Arkansas Geological Commission 2002).

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Utilization:
 

Calcite has been used for many things through the years.  It can used to decorate a building, fertilize a field, pave roads, and heal the sick.   To see some of the applications of calcite click here.

 

http://crystalacademy.cncfamily.com/3calcite1hematite.jpg Three spheres of calcite (back)

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Disposition:

There are not a lot of regulations when it comes to the disposal of calcite.  However the MSDS sheets state that, "Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in an appropriate and approved waste disposal facility. Processing, use or contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements (Environmental Health & Safety 2002).

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http://www.caveofthemounds.com/Images/calcitecrystalsedited1.jpg Calcite crystals growing on the bottom of a stalactite

Economics:
 

To some calcite does not cost at all, the rewards are payback.  According to Purdue Agriculture Depatment, an investment of $50-$60 of lime on a field will bring in around $150 (Raley 1995).  But for most the advantages of calcite due come at a cost.  In California, a cubic yard of Portland Cement Concrete can cost anywhere from $60.60 to $504.96 (State of California 2000).  There are several companies that produce calcite-based goods.  Some of these include concrete and cement companies, steel factories, contractors, and many others (Snyder, Russell, 2002).

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Safety:
 

CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. NUISANCE DUST.  Health Rating: 0 - None  Flammability Rating: 0 - None  Reactivity Rating: 0 - None  Contact Rating: 1 - Slight  Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT  Storage Color Code: Orange (General Storage)

Label Precautions:        Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing.       Wash thoroughly after handling.         Avoid breathing dust.        Keep container closed.        Use with adequate ventilation.           Label First Aid:  In case of contact, immediately flush eyes or skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation develops call a physician. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty.

(Environmental Health & Safety 2002)

http://www.betterroads.com/articles/NewProds/images/br07-01prod1.jpg A man cutting concrete while protecting himself.

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Material Safety Data Sheets:
 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CALCIUM CARBONATE MSDS Number: C0330 --- Effective Date: 05/08/00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Product Identification      Synonyms: Carbonic acid calcium salt; calcite; aragonite; limestone       CAS No.: 471-34-1       Molecular Weight: 100.09       Chemical Formula: CaCO3       Product Codes:             J.T. Baker: 1288, 1294, 1300, 1301, 4485, 4918              Mallinckrodt: 1281, 1282, 1390, 2939, 4052, 4061, 4071, 4072, 6210, 6895  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Composition/Information on Ingredients           Ingredient                  CAS No        Percent     Hazardous    ----------------------------    ------------      -----------   -------------    Calcium Carbonate          471-34-1       90 - 100%       Yes  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Hazards Identification       Emergency Overview  --------------------------         CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.        NUISANCE DUST.          J.T. Baker SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Health Rating: 0 - None  Flammability Rating: 0 - None  Reactivity Rating: 0 - None  Contact Rating: 1 - Slight  Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT  Storage Color Code: Orange (General Storage)  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Potential Health Effects  ----------------------------------   Inhalation:      Excessive concentrations of a nuisance dust may cause nuisance condition such as      coughing, sneezing, and nasal irritation.  Ingestion:      Non-toxic.  Skin Contact:     Not expected to be a health hazard from skin exposure.  Eye Contact:     No information found, but presumed to cause mechanical irritation.  Chronic Exposure:     Excessive oral doses of calcium carbonate may produce alkalosis and hypercalcemia.  Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:    No information found.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. First Aid Measures   Inhalation:         Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any breathing difficulty.    Ingestion:         If large amounts were swallowed, give water to drink and get medical advice.    Skin Contact:        Wash exposed area with soap and water. Get medical advice if irritation develops.    Eye Contact:        Wash thoroughly with running water. Get medical advice if irritation develops.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Fire Fighting Measures Fire:      Not considered to be a fire hazard.  Explosion:      Not considered to be an explosion hazard.  Fire Extinguishing Media:      Use any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire.  Special Information:       In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved       self-contained  breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in the pressure       demand or other positive  pressure mode. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Accidental Release Measures      Ventilate area of leak or spill. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as       specified in Section 8.  Spills:       Sweep up and containerize for reclamation or disposal. Vacuuming or wet sweeping       may be used to avoid dust dispersal.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Handling and Storage Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against  physical damage. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they  retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the  product.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Airborne Exposure Limits:      - OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL):             15 mg/m3 total dust, 5 mg/m3 respirable fraction for nuisance dusts.      - ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV):             10 mg/m3 total dust containing no asbestos and < 1% crystalline silica for              Particulates Not Otherwise  Classified (PNOC).  Ventilation System:      A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee exposures       below the Airborne Exposure Limits. Local exhaust ventilation is generally preferred       because it can control the emissions of the contaminant at its source, preventing       dispersion  of it into the general work area. Please refer to the ACGIH document,       Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practices, most recent edition, for       details.  Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved):       If the exposure limit is exceeded, a half-face dust/mist respirator may be worn for up       to ten times the exposure limit or the maximum use concentration specified by the       appropriate regulatory agency or respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. A full-face       piece dust/mist respirator may be worn up to 50 times the exposure limit, or the       maximum use concentration specified by the appropriate regulatory agency, or       respirator supplier, whichever is lowest. For emergencies or instances where the       exposure levels are not known, use a full-facepiece positive-pressure, air-supplied       respirator.            WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient             atmospheres.  Skin Protection:       Gloves and lab coat, apron or coveralls.  Eye Protection:      Use chemical safety goggles. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in       work area.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Physical and Chemical Properties Appearance:       Fine, white powder.  Odor:      Odorless.  Solubility:       0.001 gm in 100 ml water, soluble in dilute acids.  Density:       2.7 - 2.95  pH:       No information found.  % Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F):       0  Boiling Point:       Not applicable.  Melting Point:      825C (1517F)  Vapor Density (Air=1):      No information found.  Vapor Pressure (mm Hg):       No information found.  Evaporation Rate (BuAc=1):      No information found.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Stability and Reactivity Stability:      Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage.  Hazardous Decomposition Products:      When heated to decomposition (825C), emits calcium oxide fumes and liberates carbon       dioxide.  Hazardous Polymerization:      Will not occur.  Incompatibilities:       Acids, fluorine, magnesium with hydrogen.  Conditions to Avoid:      Heat, incompatibles.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Toxicological Information No LD50/LC50 information found relating to normal routes of occupational exposure.    --------\Cancer Lists\------------------------------------------------------                                                              ---NTP Carcinogen---               Ingredient                             Known    Anticipated    IARC Category   ------------------------------------            ---------    --------------   -------------------   Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1)               No             No                None   -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Ecological Information Environmental Fate:      No information found.  Environmental Toxicity:       No information found.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13. Disposal Considerations Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in an appropriate and approved waste disposal facility. Processing, use or contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14. Transport Information Not regulated.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15. Regulatory Information   --------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 1\---------------------------------                Ingredient                                   TSCA  EC   Japan  Australia   -----------------------------------------------      --------  ---   --------  ----------   Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1)                    Yes   Yes    Yes       Yes    --------\Chemical Inventory Status - Part 2\---------------------------------                                                                             --Canada--                Ingredient                                    Korea  DSL   NDSL  Phil.   -----------------------------------------------       -------   -----   --------  -----   Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1)                     Yes    Yes       No    Yes    --------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 1\----------------                                                                  -SARA 302-    ------SARA 313------                Ingredient                                     RQ    TPQ     List  Chemical Catg.   -----------------------------------------               ----    ------     -----  ------------------   Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1)                     No     No       No           No   --------\Federal, State & International Regulations - Part 2\----------------                                                                           -RCRA-    -TSCA-                Ingredient                                     CERCLA     261.33     8(d)    -----------------------------------------               ------------     --------     ------   Calcium Carbonate (471-34-1)                          No            No        No    Chemical Weapons Convention:  No     TSCA 12(b):  No     CDTA:  No SARA 311/312: Acute: Yes Chronic: No   Fire: No  Pressure: No Reactivity: No     (Pure / Solid)  Australian Hazchem Code:      No information found.  Poison Schedule:       No information found.  WHMIS:       This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products       Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains all of the information required by the CPR.  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16. Other Information NFPA Ratings:Health: 0 Flammability: 0     Reactivity: 0  Label Hazard Warning:      CAUTION! MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY       TRACT.  NUISANCE DUST.  Label Precautions:      Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing.      Wash thoroughly after handling.      Avoid breathing dust.      Keep container closed.      Use with adequate ventilation.  Label First Aid:      In case of contact, immediately flush eyes or skin with plenty of water for at least 15       minutes. If irritation       develops call a physician. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Get medical attention for any       breathing difficulty.  Product Use:      Laboratory Reagent.  Revision Information:      New 16 section MSDS format, all sections have been revised.  Disclaimer:  ************************************************************************************************  Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. provides the information contained herein in good faith but makes no  representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. This document is intended only as a guide  to the appropriate precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained person using this  product. Individuals receiving the information must exercise their independent judgment in  determining its appropriateness for a particular purpose. MALLINCKRODT BAKER, INC.  MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,  INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION SET  FORTH HEREIN OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS.  ACCORDINGLY, MALLINCKRODT BAKER, INC. WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR  DAMAGES RESULTING FROM USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON THIS INFORMATION.  ************************************************************************************************  Prepared by: Environmental Health & Safety Phone Number: (314) 654-1600 (U.S.A.)

(Environmental Health & Safety 2002)

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Storage:
 

Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.

(Environmental Health & Safety 2002)

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Internet References:
 

Amethyst Galleries, Inc. (1999). The mineral calcite. Retrieved March 28, 2002  from       http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/carbonat/calcite/calcite.htm

Arkansas Geological Commission. (2002). Limestone and dolostone. Retrieved  April 15, 2002      from http://www.state.ar.us/agc/limeston.htm

Axlesson, Goran. (2001). Mineral description : calcite. Retrieved March, 28, 2002 from      http://www.geology.neab.net/minerals/calcite.htm.

Barthelmy, David. (2002). Calcite. Retrieved April 2, 2002 from      http://webmineral.com/data/Calcite.shtml

Boyd, Thomas M. (1999). Resistivity of earth materials. Retrieved April 10, 2002 from      http://www.mines.edu/fs_home/tboyd/GP311/MODULES/RES/NOTES/rockres.html

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1995). Construction aggregate processing.       Retrieved April 16, 2002 from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch11/final/c11s19.pdf

Environmental Health & Safety. (2002). Caclcium Carbonate. Retrieved April 4, 2002 from      http://panda.unm.edu/operations/Lists/MSDS_Documents/c0330.htm

Fox, Belinda. (2002). Geology of a jewel cave. Retrieved April 17, 2002 from      http://www.nps.gov/jeca/geology.htm

Friedman, Hershel. (2001). Calcite. Retrieved April 1, 2002 from       http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/calcite/calcite.htm

Friends of the Geology Museum, University of Wisconsin. (2001). Calcite: calcium carbonate      CaCO3. Retrieved April 2, 2002 from http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~museum/calcite.html

Kaufman, Yoram. (2002). What is a coccolithophore? Retrieved April 20, 2002 from      http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Coccolithophores/

Lang Stone Company. (1998). Technical specifications of Indiana limestone: Physical       properties & performance characteristics. Retrieved April 15, 2002 from      http://www.langstone.com/indiana.htm

Magruder, Kerry. (2002). Calcite. Retrieved April 5, 2002 from       http://www.earthvisions.net/earth/collections/Calcite.htm

McLaughiln, C.J. (1999).  Egyptian Museum. Retrieved March 29, 2002 from      http://www.egyptinteractive.com/EgyptTour/Museum.htm

Raley, Amy. (1995). Lime doesn't cost -- it pays. Retrieved April 19, 2002 from       http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/aganswers/1995/10-30Lime_Pays.html

Ralph, J. (2001). Calcite. Retrieved March 28, 2002 from       http://www.mindat.org/show.php?name=Calcite

Roberts & Schaefer Company. (2002) Industrial minerals processing - limestone. Retrieved      April 17, 2002 from http://www.r-s.com/IOM/IOMLS.htm

State of California. (2002). California Highway Construction Cost Index. Retrieved April 18,       2002 from http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/contract_progress/chcci.html

Snyder, Kelley and Russell, Peter. (2002). Calcite, Limestone and Marble. Retrieved April 2,       2002 from http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/waton/s9910.html

Trimmell, David. (2000). List of pyro chemicals. Retrieved April 2, 2002 from      http://207.189.173.137/webdoc1.htg/Chems/List_of_Pyro_Chemicals.html

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