"Why Cooperstown?" Visitors wonder why this small village of 2,300 inhabitants located in central New York State should be the "Home of Baseball." The answer to this often-asked question involves a commission, a tattered baseball, a philanthropist and a centennial celebration.

Abner Graves

The Mills Commission
The Mills Commission was appointed in 1905 to determine the origin of the game of Baseball. The committee's formation was urged by Albert G. Spalding, one of the game's pioneers, following an article by Henry Chadwick, a famous early baseball writer, who contended that the sport evolved from the English game of Rounders.

Seven prominent men comprised the commission. They were Col. A.G. Mills of New York, who played baseball before and during the Civil War and was the fourth president of the National League (1882-1884); Hon. Morgan G. Bulkeley, former Governor and then U.S. Senator from Connecticut, who served as the National League's first president in 1876; Hon. Arthur P. Gorman, U.S. Senator from Maryland, a former player and ex-president of the National Baseball Club of Washington; Nicholas E. Young of Washington, D.C., a longtime player who was the first secretary and later fifth president of the National League (1884-1902); Alfred J. Reach of Philadelphia and George Wright of Boston, both well-known businessmen and two of the most famous players of their day; and the president of the Amateur Athletic Union, James E. Sullivan of New York.

During its three-year study, the committee was deluged with communications on the subject. The testimony of Abner Graves, a mining engineer from Denver, Colorado, in support of Abner Doubleday figured prominently in the committee's inquiry.

The Doubleday Baseball

Both Graves and Doubleday had attended school together in Cooperstown. Doubleday later was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, graduating in 1842. Subsequently he served in the Mexican and Civil Wars. As a captain, he fired the first gun for the Union at Fort Sumter, S.C.

In his letters to Spalding, Graves claimed to have been present when Doubleday made changes to the then popular game of "Town Ball," which involved 20 to 50 boys out in a field attempting to catch a ball hit by a "tosser" using a four-inch flat bat. According to Graves, Doubleday used a stick to mark out a diamond-shaped field in the dirt; and his other refinements ostensibly included limiting the number of players, adding bases (hence the name, "baseball") and the concept of a pitcher and catcher.

The committee's final report on December 30, 1907 stated in part that "the first scheme for playing baseball, according to the best evidence obtainable to date, was devised by Abner Doubleday at Cooperstown, N.Y. in 1839."

The Baseball
The discovery of an old baseball in a dust-covered attic trunk 27 years later supported the committee's findings. In a farmhouse in Fly Creek, N.Y., a crossroads village about three miles from Cooperstown, were found the belongings of the aforementioned Graves; and among his possessions was a baseball—undersized, misshapen and obviously home made. The cover had been torn open, revealing stuffing of cloth instead of the wool and cotton yarn which comprise the interior of the modern baseball; but it had a stitched cover. It soon became known as the "Doubleday baseball."

The Philanthropist

Stephen C. Clark

Soon after its discovery, the baseball was purchased for $5.00 by Stephen C. Clark, a Cooperstown resident and philanthropist, who had amassed considerable wealth through his association with the Singer Sewing Machine Company.

Clark conceived the idea of displaying the baseball, along with such other baseball objects as could be obtained, in a room in the Village Club, which now houses the Cooperstown village offices. The small one-room exhibition attracted tremendous public interest; and with the assistance of Alexander Cleland, who had been associated with Clark in other endeavors, support was sought for the establishment of a National Baseball Museum. Ford Frick, then president of the National League, was especially enthusiastic. He obtained the backing of Kenesaw Mountain Landis, Baseball's first commissioner, and William Harridge, president of the American League. Contributions and priceless baseball memorabilia soon poured in from all parts of the country as the word spread.

Baseball's Centennial
Coincidentally, in 1935 plans were also being formulated for an appropriate celebration in Cooperstown to mark Baseball's upcoming 100th anniversary four years hence. Frick proposed that a Hall of Fame be established as part of the shrine to honor the game's immortals.

The cooperation of the Baseball Writers' Association of America was enlisted to select the playing greats who were to be so honored. The first election was conducted in January of 1936 and five players were named— Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson.

Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony, June 12, 1939.    Left to Right: Ford Frick, Kenesaw M. Landis,    William Harridge, William G. Bramham

The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum was officially dedicated in colorful ceremony on June 12, 1939. The game's four ranking executives of the period—Landis, Frick, Harridge and William G. Bramham, President of the National Association, participated in the ribbon-cutting. Of the 25 immortals who had been elected to the Hall of Fame up to that point, 11 were still living; and all of them journeyed to Cooperstown to attend the centennial celebration. A baseball postage stamp commemorating the occasion was placed on sale that day at the Cooperstown post office, with Postmaster General James A. Farley presiding.

The Hall of Fame Progresses
Another Clark associate, Paul S. Kerr, played a major role in the growth and expansion of the baseball shrine. Kerr was elected treasurer in 1943 and he served as president from 1960 (the year of Mr. Clark's death) until his retirement in 1977. That year, Edward W. Stack, secretary of the Museum since 1961, was elected president and chairman. Under Stack's leadership and with the help of Howard C. Talbot Jr., Hall of Fame director from 1976 until his retirement in 1993, The Hall of Fame completed three major expansion/renovation programs, the most recent of which was the enlargement of the Hall of Fame Gallery and National Baseball Library and Archive. In 1993, Stack retired as president but continues to serve as chairman of the Hall of Fame. Donald C. Marr Jr. served as president from 1993 through 1998. Improvements under his direction included the installation of a Museum-wide humidification system, major expansion of the Museum shop, the opening of the Perez-Steele Art Gallery, and the opening of Pride and Passion: The African-American Baseball Experience . In 1999, Dale A. Petroskey was elected president by the Hall of Fame's Board of Directors and assumed leadership on July 19.

Between the original dedication in 1939 and the completion of the library expansion, several significant developments had taken place. New wings were opened on July 24, 1950 and on May 10, 1980; and the Hall of Fame Gallery was dedicated on August 4, 1958. The National Baseball Library opened its doors on July 22, 1968 and the Fetzer-Yawkey Building was dedicated on June 10, 1989. An $8 million Library expansion was completed in 1994, linking the library facility to the Hall of Fame Gallery and incorporating exciting new exhibits on the media and on baseball movies.

The Mecca of Baseball
Annual attendance at the Hall of Fame and Museum regularly approaches 350,000 and twice has topped 400,000. The shrine is open the year round, and during July and August it is not unusual for the daily turnstile count to exceed Cooperstown's population.

Crowd outside the Hall of Fame, June 12, 1939

The biggest time of the year, of course, is Hall of Fame Weekend when the newly-elected members are inducted. Many league executives, club officials, former players and coaches and previously-inducted Hall of Famers participate in the emotion-packed program, witnessed by thousands of baseball fans from all over the United States and Canada.

The following day, two major league teams clash in the annual Hall of Fame Game at Doubleday Field. The ball field, just a block from the Museum, is located on the former Elihu Phinney cow pasture where baseball was once believed to have been first played more than a century ago by Doubleday and his friends. The Village Board of Trustees transformed the erstwhile pasture into a ballpark of major league specifications in 1939, and it now seats approximately 10,000 fans.

From time to time over the years, various critics have challenged the speculation on Doubleday, although most of the original documentation was lost in a fire in 1916. Abner Graves' credibility as a reliable witness has been questioned and Doubleday's diaries, surprisingly, made no mention of baseball. Some argue that Doubleday was not away from West Point at all in 1839; and to further complicate the situation, still others claim that there were two Abner Doubledays. Many of these contradictory theories have been well-documented by their proponents. Whatever may or may not be proved in the future concerning Baseball's true origin is in many respects irrelevant at this time. If baseball was not actually first played here in Cooperstown by Doubleday in 1839, it undoubtedly originated about that time in a similar rural atmosphere. The Hall of Fame is in Cooperstown to stay; and at the very least, the village is certainly an acceptable symbolic site for the game's origin.

History copyright National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Inc.