Title: Cooling Tower

Comments: Bus stop; Scottsdale, AZ?

Slide #: 002 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-002-S001-002 

Title: Cooling Tower

Comments: Sunnyslope Bus Terminal; Phoenix, Arizona

Slide #: 003 Author ID: 3 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-003-S001-003 

Title: Cooling Tower

Comments: Inside view, Sunnyslope, Phoenix

Slide #: 004 Author ID: 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-004-S001-004 

Title: Cooling Tower

Comments: Sunnyslope Bus Station

Slide #: 005 Author ID: 5 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-005-S001-005 

Title: 2-stage evaporative cooling diagram

Comments:

Slide #: 006 Author ID: 6 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-006-S001-006 

Title: Experiments of 2-stage cooler heat exchange

Comments:

Slide #: 007 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-007-S001-007 

Title: 2-stage evaporative cooler in ASU Testing Lab

Comments:

Title: "ARVIN" unit

Comments: 2-stage cooler, indirect module, air evaporative cooled and blow upward

Slide #: 009 Author ID: 9 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-009-S001-009 

Title: Evaporative cooler's heat exchanger

Comments: Vertical and horizontal air flows

Slide #: 010 Author ID: 10 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-010-S001-010 

Title: Direct evaporative section of a 2-stage cooler

Comments:

Slide #: 011 Author ID: 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-011-S001-011 

Title: 2-stage evaporative cooler (ARVIN) direct evaporative section

Comments:

Slide #: 012 Author ID: 12 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-012-S001-012 

Title: Indirect evaporative cooler unit in Phoenix.

Comments: Orrcon by Austrian Manufacturer
 

Title: Interior

Comments:

Slide #: 014 Author ID: 13 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-014-S002-002 

Title: Concept Sketch

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Title: Plan & Section

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Title: Interior

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Title: Exterior

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Title: Exterior

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Title: Exterior

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Title: Interior

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Title: Interior

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Title: Interior

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Title: Exterior

Comments:

Slide #: 024 Author ID: 9 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-024-S002-012 

Title: Interior

Comments:

Slide #: 025 Author ID: 10 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-025-S002-013 

Title: Model

Comments:

Slide #: 026 Author ID: 12 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-026-S002-014 

Title: Exterior

Comments:

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Title: Interior

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Title: Interior

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Title: Exterior

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Title: Exterior

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Title: Elevation & Section

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Title: Exterior

Comments:

Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

Slide #: 039 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-039-S003-007 

Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

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Title: Aalto's Vipuri/Viborg Library, USSR

Comments:

Slide #: 052 Author ID: 20 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-052-S003-020 

Title: Traditional Soviet Wooden Peasant Houses

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Title: Traditional Soviet Wooden Peasant Houses

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Title: Traditional Soviet Wooden Peasant Houses

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Title: Traditional Soviet Wooden Peasant Houses

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Title: Traditional Soviet Wooden Peasant Houses

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Title: Traditional Soviet Wooden Peasant Houses

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Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

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Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

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Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

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Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

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Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

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Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

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Slide #: 064 Author ID: 32 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-064-S003-032 

Title: Traditional Courtyard House, Central Asia

Comments:

Title: Moore Residence

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Slide #: 066 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-066-S004-002 

Title: Moore Residence

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Slide #: 067 Author ID: 3 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-067-S004-003 

Title: Moore Residence

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Slide #: 068 Author ID: 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-068-S004-004 

Title: Moore Residence

Comments:
 

Architect: Fuller Moore

7348 Buck Paxton Road

College Corner, Ohio 45056

(513) 786-3683

Contractor: Clem and Mitchum

3411 Backmeyer Road

Richmond, Indiana 47374

(317) 962-6997

Location: 7348 Buck Paxton Road

College Corner, Ohio 45056

(35 miles west of Dayton)

Data: 

Wood frame, cedar sidings; 1720 s.f. floor area; 4 stories; solar hot water baseboard heating, with electric hot air back up; 760 s.f. collector, with 3000 gal. Storage; Cost $43,000 (excluding land, well, and sewage), 100% private financing.

Site: 

The site is heavily wooded with mature deciduous trees, on a hill adjacent to Hueston Woods State Park. The house is located on the southwest slope near the rear of the one acre lot. The deciduous trees have proven compatible with solar heating, as the foliage drops just prior to the heating season and fills-in in the spring at the end. The bare branches are judged to be a minimum obstruction to insolation. As no mechanical cooling is included, the dense summer foliage provides welcome shade and transpiration cooling.

Program: 

The design was intended to accommodate the specific lifestyle of the owners, providing rural solitude, with flexibility for occasional large group informal entertaining. Because of the importance attached to cooking and dining, these areas were oriented for view, and morning insolation. Other specifics accommodated included expandable indoor playspace, racing sailboat maintenance, design studio, darkroom, sewing, and a pent-up aversion to lawn care. An overall openness and interconnection of space was desired, while providing a variety of alcove places for activities and projects to be begun and left idle without interruption by or to the routine of other family members. It was important that these places be in visual contact with household activity, rather than remote from it.

Several views were excellent (foreground creek and background plowed field to the south; 60' exposed rock bluff to northeast) and were accommodated by a generous number of windows, equipped with interior insulating shutters. The cantilevered deck was designed to provide the primary exterior living space. South exposure to the midday sun, and protection prevailing n.w. winds provided by the shearwall sides, extend the useful period of this area from late March to November. The area below is used as car shelter when other activities take over the garage. The provision for the future addition of a small architectural office with separate entry was made on the north side.

Solar System: 

The solar heating system includes a water cooled 760 s.f. flat plate collector. It is oriented 192^B with a 45^B slope. The 12^B from south orientation is partially intentional (anticipation of greater afternoon insolation due to morning overcast) and partially compass error. Initial observations indicate that direct southerly orientation would have been preferable, as temporary fog usually dissipates before useful insolation begins. This 12^B error is significant, as an estimate 50 minutes or morning insolation is lost. (A practical, on-site method of finding true south would be to determine "solar noon" (halfway between sunrise and sunset times published in local newspaper), and at that time, let the shadow of a plumb line point true north).

The collection system uses a 1/3 hp, 20 gpm well pump to supply water from the storage tank to the roof peak through 1 ½" p.v.c. pipe. The water is distributed to the 55 collector channels by a 3-stage manifold with the final stage comprised of 55 copper "tees" reducing from 1 ½" to ¼" (ID). Short lengths of ¼" copper tube feed into the collector channels. Because the flow is by gravity down the collector, and because equal flow down each collector channel was critical for maximum heat gain, the manifold was carefully leveled. This was insufficient to achieve balanced flow. The ¼" size of the feeders were too large to maintain sufficient pressure in the manifold pipe to insure pressure distribution to each feeder, while turbulence and minute differences in outlet level prevented even distribution by overflow. Attempts to balance flow by crimping the ¼" feeder tubes was unsuccessful. As even flow was achieved in one area, is disrupted another. After maiming several feeders, this approach was abandoned and balancing valves were installed on each feeder. Brass gascock valves with compression fittings were used because of cost, availability and ease of installation. Positioning all valve ¾ closed, it was relatively easy to achieve an even flow through each channel (as measured by the "control vs. test" dual Dixie cup technique).

The collector panel was designed by the owner. Initially it was designed as an open flow system similar to Thomason's (water flows open down valleys of blackened corrugated metal). However, the open exposure of 

In an effort to resolve some of these problems, a single thickness, thin copper foil collector was designed for mass production and a hand fabricated prototype installed on the residence.

The basic configuration involved forming the foil so that that sides of the channels touch at the top and could be sealed to prevent evaporation. It was anticipated that individual narrow strips of copper foil could be drawn by hand through a forming die (located at the bottom of the collector). When the top of the collector was reached, the length cut and stapled in place with the channel between strips of insulation board, and the joint caulked. 005"copper foil was selected as the minimum thickness that could be handled in the field without danger of tearing. This method proved impossible in the field, as a compound bend was introduced as the foil was drawn through the form, and crimping occurred. It was necessary to form each strip in place and required several steps to achieve the desired shape. Approximately 400 man-hours were required to form and paint the collector and balance the flow. The cost of this system was comparable to the use of unfinished roll-bond aluminum panels with field installed glazing and insulation. The decision to use this system was based on the conviction that if a similar foil system were mass-produced the cost would be much lower, and that this installation would provide some insight into the feasibility and performance of such a system. A patent disclosure has been made, and the feasibility of mass production is being investigated.

The copper collector surface was etched with "Lithoform #2 (Alchem), primed with zink dust primer (Kalcor, Alliance, Ohio) and painted with "Nextel" velvet black #110 coating (3-M, Minneapolis). These coating were used in spite of their cost ($34/gal primer; $37/gal Nextel) because of the superior durability (est. 5-10 years) and high optical absorption over 189^B angle of incidence. Selective surfaces were not considered because of necessity for field application.

For the glazing system, standard greenhouse components were used. These included vertical aluminum rails (attached with clips) to support the tempered DSB glass panes (26 x 24"). The glass was supported on the sides by the rail, held in position with a cap strip, and lapped 3/8" in shingle configuration. Access was by scaffold brackets attached to rails and ladders. An alternative would have been vertical redwood rails with .040 clear fiberglass ("Sunlite", Kalwall), caulked with Redwood cap strip. This would have reduced installation costs at the expense of a slight reduction to insolation transmittance. 

The gutter collecting the heated water from the solar panels is a closed configuration and designed to catch any leakage from the panels onto the sun-roof. Condensation on the glass escapes through the glass laps, or over flashing to the rain gutter. The gutter is insulated with 2" fiberglass. An insulated 2" P.V.C. pipe carries the heated water from the solar gutter to the storage tank. The storage tank is a standard 3-piece pre-cast cistern, buried on the outside with a minimum of 36" of earth. It was set on gravel for insulation and drainage, and insulated on sides and top with 2" styrofoam on the anterior. The foam was protected from moisture by 6 mil polyethelyne taped film, and drain tile around the base of the tank.

The flow of water to the roof is controlled by a differential thermostat which measures the surface temperature of the collector and compares it with the water temperature in the bottom of the tank. When the collector temperature exceeds the tank by more than 10^B F, the pump is activated. When the pump stops, the collector and supply manifold drains by gravity to prevent freezing. A check valve above the pump maintains the water in the insulated feeder pipe. Pump prime is maintained by locating the pump below the water level in the storage tank.

The house is heated by pumping water from the tank through baseboard fin-tube convectors. Because the water temperature is considerably lower than a conventional hot water system, the length of radiation was doubled over that required for a normal boiler system. (110^B water delivers 48% output of 170^B water in fin-tube baseboard convectors). The pump is activated by a conventional low-voltage wall mounted thermostat.

Because of the open design of the spaces in the house (some very tall), a simple fan-powered duct is used to supplement convective air movement. This is controlled by a second thermostat, set a couple of degrees higher than the pump control. This draws the warmest air from the peak of the roof and returns it to the first floor.

The auxiliary system is an electrical resistance 10 KW heater located in the duct and is controlled by a third thermostat, that is set several degrees below the pump thermostat. This is preferable to an earlier auxiliary system which used a commercial hot water heater to boost the temperature of the water circulated from the tank when not hot enough to maintain comfort in the house. With this system, it was possible for heat from the auxiliary hot water heater to be returned to the storage tank. This is not desirable because it stores expensive electrical heat for later use, while additional solar heat may be available soon. In addition, any raise in the temperature of the stored water reduces its efficiency in collecting heat from the roof. An automatic by-pass valve (that re-circulated the baseboard convector water whenever auxiliary heat was being use) has the disadvantage of not using the solar heated water for partial heating. It is important that any auxiliary system operate completely independently from the primary solar heated system for these reasons.

Domestic hot water is pre-heated in a sealed 35-gallon galvanized steel tank submerged in the large solar water storage tank. Water from the preheat tank supplies the conventional hot water heater. A simple 50 ft. coil of copper tube could have been used in lieu of the 35 gal. Tank for a less expensive and more efficient heat exchanger, but it would have lacked the storage capacity of the tank. It is anticipated that most of the domestic hot water needs will be met in this way during summer months.

Heat loss through the building envelop was a major consideration in the design of the house. With double glazed window and foil back insulation (3 ½" walls, 7" in roof), heat loss was calculated at 59,000 BTUH at -5^B.

Using insulating (hollow core doors)-shutters-this predicted loss was reduced to 39,000BTUH with the shutters closed (23 BTU/SF). The units were designed to use pre-hung doors, with fixed insulating glass and a basement hopper window set in with stoops. In order to eliminate applied trim on both the interior and exterior, it was necessary to trim 3 sides of the standard basement window units to deduce its overall depth. If units were completely shop-assembled, and set in rough openings, with standard applied interior and exterior trim, it is estimated that the cost would be approximately $85 more than a good quality window unit of the same size. The elimination of drapes would partially off-set this cost. It is necessary to swing the shutter 180^B to provide clearance for the vent to swing in. Where this large swing was undesirable, a bi-fold shutter was used.

The following is a breakdown of the costs of the solar system:

3000 gallon P.C. tank $ 460

Tank excavation, back fill 120

Styrofoam tank insulation 40

Hot water pre-heat tank 82

Pump (2) 173

Differential thermostat 125

Roof glass and glazing system 1320

Copper gutter 180

Aluminum cap (roof peak) 120

3 thermostats 52

Roof paint 165

Pluming (labor & materials, inc.

fin-tube convectors 2200

Auxiliary heater $ 170

Relays 48

Fan 72

Roof and misc. labor @ 3.00 1320 

Total $6647
Less cost of conventional hot water 2000 
Additional cost of solar heating $4647

With the acute vision of hindsight, if the project was repeated, the following changes would be made: use of a manufactured, field assembled collector (such as Olin "roll-band" panels or Revere's copper-clad plywood), fiberglass glazing, closed collector coolant loop with antifreeze, copper coil heat exchangers in tank for solar coolant and domestic hot water pre-heat; interior water storage, and heat pump auxiliary.

UPDATE _ October 1977

The first portion of this description was written in 1975 soon after construction was completed. Three problems that have prevented any extended operation of the system as described during the last two writers. It has, therefore, been impossible to measure the system's potential performance.

The concrete cistern leaked initially. It has been coated on the inside with a cement coating and this has stopped the problem. The tank was sized too large (3000 gallons) which makes "recharging time" very long. The latest published research indicates that about 1.3 to 1.8 gallons per sq. ft. of collector is optimum for greatest savings on a year-round basis. For this smaller volume, an untreated steel tank located in the heated portion of the basement would have been preferable, using a corrosion inhibitor in the water.

The last problem has been in maintaining pump prime, as the pumps are located above the tank water level. A combination of check valves have been installed to keep the level above the pumps while permitting the collector to drain down. Keeping the pumps below the tank water level would have obviated this provision.

All of these problems have been overcome and reliable and trouble-free operation is expected. The experience gained in the author's house has been valuable input to his architectural practice which is now exclusively "solar oriented". In addition to a number of solar residences, two solar buildings have been designed for the Department of Natural Resources, State of Indiana. One, the Office/Information Center at Whitewater State Park uses a warm-air system.

It is completed, open to the public, and located two miles south of Liberty, Indiana on S.R. 101.

Most of the author's current work is in the use of "passive" solar heating, an approach that uses natural heat processes to collect and store solar energy without the use of complex mechanical systems. One such current project utilizes a greenhouse as the primary heat source for the residence. All that heat, and tomatoes, too.

Hopefully, these notes and experiences will be of benefit to you in your study of Solar Energy.

Fuller Moore

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 070 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-070-S005-002 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 071 Author ID: 3 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-071-S005-003 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 072 Author ID: 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-072-S005-004 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 073 Author ID: 5 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-073-S005-005 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 074 Author ID: 6 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-074-S005-006 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 075 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-075-S005-007 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 077 Author ID: 9 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-077-S005-009 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 078 Author ID: 10 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-078-S005-010 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 079 Author ID: 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-079-S005-011 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 080 Author ID: 12 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-080-S005-012 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 081 Author ID: 13 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-081-S005-013 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 082 Author ID: 14 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-082-S005-014 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 083 Author ID: 15 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-083-S005-015 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 084 Author ID: 16 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-084-S005-016 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:

Slide #: 085 Author ID: 17 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-085-S005-017 

Title: "Solargreen", HUD Competition, Moore, 1980

Comments:
 

Fuller Moore, Architect

One of the features of SOLARGREEN is the location of the living areas on the upper (grade) level and the sleeping areas completely below grade with windows into the greenhouse. This puts the living areas in the warmest and brightest locations and the sleeping areas, which are better suited to less light, heat, and sound, below grade.

In the summer, SOLARGREEN uses the natural cooling of the earth to cool and dehumidify outside air through an underground rock chamber. The air is drawn through the house by the natural convective "chimney" action of the solar collector located above the greenhouse. This cooling principle has been effective for over 2000 years in the middle east and Asia.

The thermal performance of SOLARGREEN is extended during very cold and hot periods by the use of a single ¼ h.p. attic fan, and a "space blanket" reflective roll-down shade to insulate and shade the greenhouse. The "sun-tempered" space between the house and the garage is convenient for drying and storing firewood so that a cart can be used to bring wood to the centrally-located Franklin stove/fireplace (wood, in a good stove, is still the least expensive "backup" heat available).

SOLARGREEN is easily adapted to most sites (except a steep north slope) with street access from any direction. (See "Site Variations"). As exposure to the winter sun is essential, the greenhouse should be oriented within 10 degrees of true south and away from southerly shading obstructions. A moderate amount of deciduous trees to the south not only does not reduce heating performance (as branches are bare during the heating season) but provides desirable summer shading of the reflective patio. In addition to the detailed floor plan shown, 2, 5, and 6 bedroom plans are available (see "Plan Variation").

Like any solar heating system, the performance of SOLARGREEN is dependant on local and seasonal climatic variations. Similar passive solar homes across the country have been monitored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. They have been found to perform competitively with the more expensive (and less reliable) active solar heating systems. In a climate such as Dayton, Ohio (5500 degree days, moderate cloudiness) a reduction of 55% to 65% of heating energy consumed could be expected. If the wood stove is used for auxiliary heat, this would amount to about 10% of the cost of heating a similar sized conventional house with electric resistance heat. In addition, summer cooling costs would be negligible compared with refrigeration and air conditioning.

(Diagram _ "Thermal Layering Concept" _ No Slide supplied)

(Diagrams _ "Lower plan, Site variations, plan variations" _ No Slides supplied)

(Diagram _ "Seasonal modes" _ No Slides supplied)

(Diagram _ "Construction section" _ No Slide supplied)

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 087 Author ID: 2 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-087-S006-002 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 088 Author ID: 3 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-088-S006-003 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 089 Author ID: 4 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-089-S006-004 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 090 Author ID: 5 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-090-S006-005 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 091 Author ID: 6 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-091-S006-006 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 092 Author ID: 7 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-092-S006-007 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 093 Author ID: 8 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-093-S006-008 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 094 Author ID: 9 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-094-S006-009 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 095 Author ID: 10 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-095-S006-010 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 096 Author ID: 11 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-096-S006-011 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 097 Author ID: 12 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-097-S006-012 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Slide #: 098 Author ID: 13 SBSE Slide ID: CD007-098-S006-013 

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Comments:

Fuller Moore, R.A.
Department of Architecture
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056

ABSTRACT

The Nature Center is a 3200 sq. ft. public building designed by the author, presently under construction and scheduled for completion in May 1979.

The building's design includes an "A-frame" type roof with the south 1530 sq. ft. 60^B roof slope double glazed with movable "Beadwall" insulation. This slope is fabricated using standard greenhouse components to form the "Beadwall" envelope. A commercially available acoustical tile, (with mirror-finish aluminized polyester film), is used on the north ceiling slope to reflect insolation to the thermal floor mass, minimizing diffuse ceiling reflection back through the south glass. Interior partitions formed by rows of fiberglass provide additional insolated thermal storage.

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(Figure 1 — Model of Patoka Nature Center viewed from S.E.) Patoka Nature Center, Moore1978

1. INTRODUCTION

The architectural program for the Nature Center provided that, in addition to the building's function as an interpretative nature center in the new Patoka Reservoir Indiana State Park, it should be a demonstration of the potential of solar energy as a viable alternative for heating buildings, to the hundreds of thousands of park visitors expected yearly. Initially, active solar heating systems (including one scheme for solar cooling) were considered, but the lower-technology and intuitive obviousness of operation of a direct-heating passive system were concluded to be more appropriate for the proposed facility.

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The building program requirement for a large combined lecture/exhibit area posed design problems bot usually associated with residential passive applications. The large dimensions of this space (40'x 48') made a "mass wall" application difficult because of the large distances from the thermal storage wall. Similarly, vertical partitioning required for displays would interrupt radiant heat from either a direct-gain vertical, south glass wall, or storage wall. The desire for a tall interior space precluded any type of convective system. The need for long, unsupported roof spans precluded the use of any overhead sensible heat storage (such as a variation on the Sky Therm System).

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 2 - Floor plan - overall dimensions: 40' x 80') Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 3 - Section perspective) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

3. MOVABLE INSULATION

In order to minimize the complexity of the movable insulation system as well as provide a tall ceiling, a single large aperture was favored over several smaller ones. The aperture is 24' x 64' (1536 S.F.) with a slope of 60^B.

This height and slope (coupled with local shading angles) made the size of a single exterior shading device unfeasible; multiple exterior louvers were not considered for reasons of snow and ice. Several interior and exterior movable insulation options were considered and rejected for reasons of cost, feasibility of automatic operation, and reduced shading effectiveness. 

"Beadwall"¹ was chosen after constructing and testing of a full size prototype panel. Not only does it provide movable insulation (R-20) with automatic operation (a client stipulation) but it also provides effective summer shading capability. "Beadwall" has the advantage of prefabrication, with installation by existing building trade jurisdictions and skills, (a major consideration on large scale contractor-built projects). A standard greenhouse glazing system was utilized for the exterior glazing layer with a tempered glass inner layer. As alternate panels are controlled separately and can be partially filled, the system provides a convenient means of controlling the amount of insolation and natural light.

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(Figure 4 _ Roof isometric showing movable insulation system) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 5 _ Winter night mode) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

Interestingly, this was the only passive alternative that the client considered sufficiently visually exciting for a public demonstration of solar heating.

¹ "Beadwall" is a patented movable insulation system that employs polystyrene beads between double glazing layers removing them by vacuum to a remote storage tank when desirable for solar collection. For more information, contact D. Harrison, c/o Zomeworks, P.O. Box 712, Albuquerque, NM 87013

A mirror-finish acoustical ceiling is utilized with the roof aperture in order to transmit the insolation down to the thermal storage components before being absorbed or reflected back through the glazing (a white surface would absorb infrared radiation, and diffusely reflect some visible radiation back out through the aperture). In addition, it reflects additional natural illumination into the exhibit space. The ceiling is a prefabricated suspended lay-in panel system (Vista-sonic by U.S. Gypsum) comprised of a fire-rated aluminized polyester film stretched drum-like over an acoustical panel with an aluminum frame. This provides needed acoustical absorption for the lecture space. A special wire mesh chair is specified for the lecture seating to allow insolation to penetrate through to the thermal storage floor.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 6 _ Winter Day Mode) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

5. WATER STORAGE TUBES

The rows of thermal storage water tubes form partitions between the lecture space and exhibit side aisles. For visual reasons, the fiberglass tubes are left translucent with vertical dark grey plexiglass sheets suspended in the center to provide solar absorption. This leaves the wall slightly translucent, while affording the opportunity to use auxiliary fluorescent strip lights above the tubes turning the row into a visually interesting "luminous wall".

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(Figure 7 _ Detail section perspective showing water tubes and display modules.) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

6. OPERATION

At night and on cloudy days during the winter, heat loss is reduced by filling the space between the glazing on the south slope with styrofoam beads (stored in exterior steel tanks during the day). In addition, foil faced, styrofoam insulating shutters are used at night to cover all windows. Extensive berming reduces wall conductive losses, while air lock entry reduces infiltration. The lower third of the north side of the roof is "Beadwall" glazing (similar to the south slope); it remains filled with insulating beads during the entire heating season.

In the summer, the south slope remains filled with white, insulating bead, (reducing heat gain by insolation and conduction). Natural light is admitted to the exhibit space by emptying the beads in the north aperture. The bead storage tanks are vertical, arranged on the north aperture to act as vertical "louvers" to prevent direct gain in the early morning and late evening during the late spring and early summer.

The window shutters are arranged so as to reflect indirect daylight (not direct sunlight) down onto each individual exhibit case, while shielding the viewer from glare. During the summer, daylight illumination is maximized and electric lighting held to a minimum. Natural ventilation is provided by drawing in air over shaded grass areas of the berm, and exhausting by large louvered gable vents at the east and west ends of the roof peak. The water tubes and massive floor will provide some radiant cooling by the "flywheel" effect. The calculated heat gain is 106,000 BTUH of 14^B F ª T with south panels filled with beads.

Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 8 _ Summer Day Mode) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

However, a large percentage of the calculated heat gain (39,000 BTUH) is due to occupant loads and ventilation for the 60 seat lecture space. An outdoor lecture area with day-time A-V capability is expected to minimize the use of the interior lecture space for summer nature programs.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 9 _ Summer Night Mode) Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

7. AUXILIARY

Auxiliary cooling and heating is provided by a single zone, air-to-air heat pump with forced air distribution. Individual thermostatically-controlled electric resistance baseboard heaters provide alternative auxiliary heat in the small working areas, allowing the temperatures of the large public spaces to fluctuate for maximum passive solar efficiency when not in use and providing economy of operation by not operating the central system when one or two small spaces are occupied.

8. PREDICTED PERFORMANCE

Using the Los Alamos Solar Load/Ratio method (Balcolm and McFarland, 1978), an Annual Solar Fraction of .67 is predicted (5280 Degree Days, Building loss coefficient _ 29,585 BTU/D.D., 45 BTU of insolated storage per ^B F per sq. ft. of aperture. The building will be instrumented and its thermal performance monitored and analyzed under a grant from the Solar Heating and Cooling Research and Development Branch, Office of Conservation and Solar Applications, U.S. Department of Energy.

9. PROJECT INFORMATION

Building: Patoka Interpretive Nature Center

Location: Patoka State Park, (near Jasper, Ind.)

Owner: Indiana Department of Natural Resources

Architect: Fuller Moore, Oxford, Ohio

Associate Architect: Hal Barcus, Oxford, Ohio

General Contractor: Krempp Lumber Company, (Jasper, Indiana)

Mechanical Contractor: Triangle & Leahy Corp. (Bedford, Indiana)

Latitude - 39^B (5280 D.D)

Floor Area _ 3200 S.F.

Collector Area _ 1536 S.F.

10. REFERENCES

Balcomb, J.D., and McFarland, R.D., "A Simple Empirical Method for Estimating the Performance of a Passive Solar Heated Building of the Thermal Storage Wall Type." Proceedings of the 2^nd National Passive Solar Conference: Philadelphia, 1978 Vol. II, pp. 377-89.

A Direct Gain Building with BEADWALL  Night Insulation in Southern Indiana

Fuller Moore, AIA
Department of Architecture
Miami University
Oxford, Ohio
45056 USA

ABSTRACT

The monitoring and analysis of the passive solar heating performance of Patoka Nature Center is described. The Center is located in southern Indiana and was designed by the author (who is also Principal Investigator for the monitoring project). The building has a floor area of 3200 square feet, is heavily bermed and well insulated.

The building features 1390 net square feet of direct gain solar collector. This collector is equipped with BEADWALLJ night insulation. Thermal storage is provided by a masonry floor and 40 water-filled fiberglass tubes.

During the 1981-82 heating season, the building used 257 million Btu for space heating. This was supplied from: auxiliary heating equipment (28%), electric lighting (22%), other equipment (2%), and solar (48%). The annual solar heating efficiency (solar utilized/solar incident on collector glass) was 21.3%.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 1 _ East entry and south solar aperture)

1. BUILDING DESCRIPTION

Patoka Nature Center is a public building that houses nature exhibits at this State Park, is the point of departure for hiking trails, and is used for lectures and slide shows. It has a floor area of 3200 ft² and a direct gain passive solar heating system (1390 ft² collection area). It utilizes a thermostatically controlled BEADWALLJ R-15 night insulation system. Construction is a single story slab on grade, bermed to four feet around an 8 in. concrete knee-wall (insulated to R-11). Above ground construction is frame with A-frame roof on laminated wood arches.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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Figure 2 _ North façade, showing BEADWALLJ storage tanks, and clerestory.)

The performance monitoring strategy used for this project was essentially that used in the SERI Class B Monitoring program.

The ANNUAL PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING CONTRIBUTION is determined indirectly as the TOTAL ANNUAL BUILDING HEAT LOSS less HEAT GAIN FROM ALL INTERNAL SOURCES (including auxiliary heating, heat from equipment, and lighting, but excluding occupants).

The TOTAL ANNUAL HEAT LOSS is the sum of CONDUCTIVE LOSSES and INFILTRATIVE LOSSES. CONDUCTIVE LOSSES are the product of the calculated TOTAL UA (U-value x area) times the INDOOR/OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE measured by the DAS. (In the present building, U-value of glazing varies with the position of night insulation which is monitored with status sensors). INFILTRATION LOSSES are the product of INFILTRATION RATE (air changes per hour) times VOLUME/AIR CHANGE times the SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR at the local elevation times the monitored INDOOR/OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 3 _ Interior. Notice reflective ceiling (upper left), top gable vent with shutter, and water tubes and quarry tile floor for thermal storage.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 4 _ Floor Plan.)

INFILTRATION RATE is computed by a formula which uses a one-time measurement of infiltration, monitored windspeed (which affects the rate due to aerodynamic factors), monitored indoor/outdoor temperature difference (which affects rates due to the "stack effect" of the buoyant inside air), and monitored door and window openings.

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 5 _ Winter Night Mode.)

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Title: Patoka Nature Center, Moore 1978

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(Figure 6 _ Winter Day Mode.)

The HEAT GAIN FROM INTERNAL SOURCES is the sum of HEAT GAIN FROM AUXILIARY HEATING, EQUIPMENT and LIGHTING. Heat gain from AUXILIARY HEATING is the product of the AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (temperature of heated air supplied minus temperature of return air in the HVAC system) times the AIR VOLUME (determined by one-time manometer measurements) times the SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE AIR. Heat gain from EQUIPMENT (such as domestic water heaters) and LIGHTING is determined by power consumption which is measured either directly using Hall-effect current transducers (if load is variable) 

The Data Acquisition System (DAS) for this project included:

- Aeolean Kinetics (AK) PDL 24 processor with two expansion terminals;

- Lamda Instruments pyranometer;

- AK integrated circuit temperature sensors;

- AK radiation shields;

- AK anemometer; 

- custom BEADWALL position photo-electric sensors;

- Hall-effect current transducers for measuring electric current;

- voltage sensor;

- status sensors (shutters open or closed, etc.);

- counting event sensors (number of door openings).

4. SOLAR HEATING PERFORMANCE

Data acquisition was begun at the Patoka site on July 15, 1982. The DAS system was installed by the author, and maintained by Nature Center personnel. Data output was in two forms: printed paper tapes recorded daily and monthly summaries. Cassette tapes recorded hourly summaries data as well as daily and monthly summaries.

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(Figure 7 _ Heat Losses by Month, 1981-82 Heating Season.)

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(Figure 8 _ Heat Sources by Month, 1981-82 Heating Season.)

These were analyzed by the author using an Apple II+ microcomputer. When data acquisition was interrupted, the DAS was typically restarted from scratch by Nature Center personnel in accord with instructions from the author. This incorrect procedure resulted in the loss of the accumulated monthly summary data. As a result, monthly summaries had to be reconstructed using daily summaries. Missing data periods were reconstructed by interpolation using the available data for that month. While there was a considerable amount of missing data (119 days missing), most of this was during summer months; only 4 days of missing data occur from December thru April.

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(Figure 9 _ Total Insolation, Mean Wind Speed, and Mean Indoor/Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperatures, by month, 1982-82 Heating Season.)

A series of experiments were conducted to assess the effect of night insulation on the buildings heating and lighting performance during both the heating and cooling seasons.

If BEADWALL night insulation had been left out of the north and south glazing during the entire 1982-82 heating season, the total annual heat loss would have been increased by 86.7 MMBtu (based on a calculated increased loss of 307.2 BTUh/F and the assumption that 75% of the heating degree days occurred during the hours that the night insulation would have been in place). The annual solar heat contributed would have remained approximately the same at 124.5 MMBtu (although a small increase might have been experienced in the spring and fall transition months.). However, the annual solar heating fraction would have been reduced from 48% to 35%. It is likely that all of this additional heat required would have been supplied by the central heat pump. Based on the present electric power cost of $.06 per kilowatt and a system C.O.P. of 2.0, the additional heating would have cost approximately $772.

If the night insulation had been left in place during the entire heating season, the annual heat loss would have been reduced by 24.2 MMBtu. However, the entire solar heating contribution of 124.5 MMBtu would have been excluded, resulting in a net deficit of 100.3 MMBtu. Assuming that half of this deficit would have been replaced with the heat from the additional electric lighting required, the additional heating/lighting costs would have been $1,342 during the heating season.

6. POST-OCCUPANCY OBSERVATIONS

Based on the author's involvement with this project as architect, solar consultant, and energy analyst, the following observations are presented.

6.1 Design

The strategy of zoning the winter activities into perimeter rooms, while allowing the large lecture perimeter rooms, while allowing the large lecture exhibit space to fluctuate in temperature appears to have worked well.

The lack of convenient controls for the summer BEADWALL operation has resulted in an unexpectedly large usage of electric lighting. (See previous discussion).

The building was designed to use "night flushing" as a summer cooling strategy. Large louvered exhaust eave vents and small awning windows over the exhibit booths proved very effective in inducing stack effect ventilation at night during the summer of construction. During that summer, interior temperatures typically remained 10-15^N F below outside. Although the windows are too small to allow intruder entry, building personnel close these windows at night for security reasons. Even with the eave vents open, the lack of any inlet prevents night ventilation cooling. A better design choice for such a non-residential building would have been shuttered louvered vents and fixed glazing instead of the operable windows used.

6.2 BEADWALL Night Insulation

Given the owner's design requirement that the passive system be "visually exciting" and completely automatic in operation, the decision to use BEADWALL night insulation appears to be justified, based on alternatives available in 1976. A full height test panel was constructed and operationally tested prior to the final decision to 

Ed. Note: A list of metric-English-metric conversion values appears immediately preceding the Author Index.

Initially, the system was designed to utilize prefabricated fiberglass glazing panels manufactured by Kalwall Corporation. Kalwall withdrew from the project during the bidding phase and a field-fabricated greenhouse glazing system was substituted. While this was an initial disappointment, the internal access afforded by the latter system proved invaluable in the subsequent modifications and maintenance required of the BEADWALL.

When construction of the building was completed in November 1979, primary electrical service was not available to the site. The BEADWALL equipment was operational and checked out using portable generators for the required electric power. In the absence of permanent power to supply the mechanical and electrical system, the building could not be occupied, and an unvented propane heater was installed to provide maintenance heating. The following April, with permanent power finally available, the BEADWALL was operated. At that time is was discovered that the polystyrene beads had deteriorated during the winter and left a whitish deposit on inner glazing surfaces. The inner glazing was removed and both surfaces cleaned. The defective beads were removed, the storage tanks cleaned, and the new beads installed.

In operation, the newly installed beads repeatedly exhibited static build-up. This resulted in frequent clogging despite repeated applications of recommended anti-static solutions injected in to the beads. At one time the problem was so severe that sparks approximately 18 inches long were discharging from the beads. (These discharges were estimated at 150,000 volts). The problem was the frequent movement of one insulating material (the beads) in contact with another insulating material (glass and plastic pipe). The author made numerous visits to the site attempting various remedies, most of which involved attempts to discharge the components using grounding devices. The problem was finally resolved with the application of 100% glycerine in lieu of the manufacturer's recommended anti-static solution. After two applications the static problem has not re-occurred in over 18 months of operation. The system now operates satisfactorily.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract #DE-FG02-79 CS 34030. Additional support was provided by Miami University. The author wishes to particularly thank Carol Grove and other Nature Center staff members, as well as Doug Halprin and the Aeolean Kenetics group, for their considerable and enthusiastic assistance.